436 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



surface waters of the ocean. Farther north again the pelagic Foraminifera predominate 

 in the deposit, except at the depth of 2600 fathoms, where the greater part of them has 

 been removed by the solvent powers of the sea water, as is usual at the great depths in 

 the ocean. 



Surface Organisms. — South of lat. 50" 8. Diatoms were occasionally met with in the 

 surface nets in enormous abundance. The most abundant were various species of 

 Chcetoceras, but there were also many other genera. The tow-nets were on some 

 occasions so filled with these that large quantities could be dried by heating over a stove 

 when a whitish felt-like mass was obtained. Associated with the Diatoms were many 

 species of Eadiolarians. 



At other times, when the sea was of a pale greenish colour, the water was filled with 

 little spherical jelly-like bodies, about - l mm. in diameter, which usually contained four 

 greenish or yellowish spots. When held in a certain light in a glass jar, these little 

 spheres could be seen by the naked eye filling the water. Similar minute Algse have been 

 found in the Arctic regions. Whenever the ship passed out of the greenish bands of 

 water these minute spheres could not be observed. Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres, 

 which were found so abundantly in the surface water of the warmer parts of the 

 Atlantic and Southern Oceans, were not met with south of lat. 50° S., either on the 

 surface or in the deposits at the bottom. The same remark applies to Orbulina universa, 

 Pulvinulina, and several species of Globigerina. South of lat. 50° S. the only pelagic 

 Foraminifera found on the surface were Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina dutertrei, and 

 Globigerina injiata, and these were the only pelagic species found in the deposit at the 

 bottom. Copepods, Ostracodes, Hyperids, Euphausia, Alciope, Tomopteris, Sagitta, 

 Pteropods, Salpa, and Appendicularia were also met with in considerable abundance in 

 the surface nets south of lat. 50° S. 



The following birds were noticed while the Challenger was amongst the Antarctic 

 ice : — 



Oceanites oceanicus, Kuhl. 

 Thalassceca glncialoides, Smith. 

 ThalassiKca (Aeipetes) antardica, Gm. 

 Ossifraga gigantea, Gm. 

 Pagodroma nivea, Gm. 

 Daption capensis, Linn. 

 Prion desolatus, Gm. 

 Diomedea (Phcebetria) fuliginosa, Gm. 

 Stercorarius antarcticus, Less. 



Penguins were very often seen in the water, and on one occasion sitting on the ice, 

 but it was impossible to make out the species. Off the pack ice, and especially near the 

 Antarctic Circle, whales (apparently all of one species, a " Finner," probably Physalus 



