NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE. 479 



well nourished. The Tongans have large broad foreheads and faces, the lower jaw 

 being wide at the articulation, the chin narrowing off rather abruptly from the face. 

 The nose is flattened, but not very much ; the eyebrows straight ; and the lips neither 

 large nor protuberant. The colour of the skin is a light brownish yellow with a tinge 

 of red (see PL E. fig. 5). Their hair forms the most remarkable feature in their appear- 

 ance, being worn in a sort of mop sticking straight up from the head, and composed 

 of a mass of small curls ; naturally it is black, as are the eyebrows, beard, and moustache, 

 which latter are, however, scanty as a rule ; but it is altered to a rusty colour by the 

 application of coral lime, which is usually only applied partially, so as to give variety 

 from the contrast between the black and red locks. With some the centre of the head 

 is left black, and a marginal zone coloured red ; with others isolated locks all over the head 

 are reddened so as to show a black mop variegated with red, and various other fashions 

 are adopted. The Tongans often sit on their heels like Indian races, but more usually 

 cross-legged in the posture in which Buddha is ordinarily represented. 



To those who had read Mr. Darwin's work On the Expression of the Emotions, the 

 unusually marked development of facial expression exhibited by the men conversing 

 in the boat with one another was very striking. The muscles of the forehead during 

 animated conversation are contracted and relaxed incessantly, and in a most varied 

 manner ; the brow is strongly wrinkled, and the eyebrows are jerked up to such an 

 extent as to remind the observer at once of the jerking up of the eyebrows in monkeys. 

 Mr. Moseley made as careful a study as time would permit of the various expressions 

 of the emotions ; all of them appear to coincide in their intimate character with those 

 of Europeans, and this holds good also in the case of the expressions of children, but the 

 movements made use of are much more strongly marked in the Tongans than in 

 Europeans : thus, for example, in the expression of astonishment the eyebrows are 

 thrown up with a succession of strong jerks, not merely raised once as with Europeans. 

 The use of the forehead muscles is very peculiar, and indeed seems to be the most 

 characteristic feature in a Tongan. No similar exaggerated facial expression was 

 observed amongst Hawaiians or Tahitians, nor was there anything of special interest 

 noticed about their means of expression ; probably they have copied European modes 

 to a large extent. In some of their gestures the Tongans differ remarkably from English- 

 men ; in beckoning a person, they use, like the Malays and others, the hand with its back 

 turned towards their bodies, and the palm directed towards the person called ; the hand is 

 moved downwards and inwards, instead of upwards and inwards as by Europeans. In 

 affirmation the head is jerked slightly upwards, the eyebrows being raised a little at the 

 same time. One of the missionaries who visited the ship was asked about this matter, 

 and to test it he pronounced the word for " yes," and involuntarily threw up his head. The 

 gestures accompanying the language are necessary to its'perfect use, and to speak without 

 them would be like speaking a European language with a false accent. In negation, the 



