CULTURAL CAKE. 137 



Quarante's method seems also to be preferred iu fertile 

 soils in which vines grow powerfully, but has the same 

 disadvantage as the above of requiring a great outlay of 

 money for establishing the trellises. 



(c) Quarante's method modified by Coste-Floret. Coste- 

 Floret, who appreciated the large production obtainable with 

 this method, and its facility for transforming ordinary goose- 

 berry-bush stumps into Quarante* stumps and bringing these 

 back to the gooseberry bush again if required, tried to render- 



Fig. 118. Quarante method modified by Coste-Floret. 



it more practicable by simplifying the mode of trellising 

 (Fig. 118). He increased also the number of spurs, which he 

 pruned with one free eye only, and dis-budded the crops borne 

 by the spurs. 



This modification allows the branches to trail on the soil, 

 and, according to its inventor, would better suit vines 

 planted in rather dry districts. 



(E.) TIME MOST FAVORABLE FOR PRUNING. 



Pruning may be done the whole time the vine is without 

 leaves ; from the time the canes are well lignified until the 

 vine begins to bleed. However, it is advisable to cease 

 pruning when the weather is very cold and the thermometer 

 below freezing point, for the wood becomes brittle, and the 

 tissues, freshly cut, would be injured by frost. One may be 

 forced to prune late in districts where spring frosts are to be 

 feared, especially with ce*pages starting to grow early in the 

 season. The object of late pruning is to hold back the 



