142 MANUAL OF MODERN VITICULTURE. 



Woollen rags contain 10 to 15 per cent, of nitrogen and 

 a certain proportion of phosphoric acid. They give very good 

 results in dry soils in the South of France, where they main- 

 tain a certain moisture. Ten to 15 cwt. per acre are 

 applied; their effect lasts four to five years. 



Horns containing 14-86 of nitrogen and 46-14 of phosphate 

 of lime and magnesia per cent, have much slower action. The 

 same thing applies to old boots and other waste leather ; it 

 is advisable to decompose them beforehand by putting them 

 in lime composts or manure heaps. 



Oil cakes contain more especially nitrogen and phosphate 

 of lime. Those mostly used are : 



Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. 



Per cent. Per cent. 



Rape cake, Europe ... ... 4 '92 2*83 



,, ,, Bombay ... .. 5'53 T98 



Black Mustard Cake ... .. 5 "15 1'67 



Corn- cole cake ... ... .. 4'46 1'83 



Indian poppy seed cake ... .. 5 '81 2 '88 



Ravison cake ... ... .. 4'99 1'02 



Rough Castor Oil seed cake .. 3 '67 1*62 



Decorticated Castor Oil seed cake 7 '42 2 -26 



Black Sesame cake ... .. 6 '34 2 '03 



White Sesame cake ... .. 5'81 2'07 



Variegated Sesame cake* ... .. 5 '51 1'94 



They are used in a quantity of about 13 cwt. per acre y 

 and are entirely absorbed the first year. Their small per- 

 centage of potash renders necessary the use of 220 to 440 Ibs. 

 of potassium chloride, potassium sulphide, or sulphate of 

 potash. These should also be added when horns or woollen 

 rags are used. Sulphated oil cakes, that is to say, those in 

 which the oil is removed by carbon bi-sulphide are superior, 

 for the oily matters eliminated are without value as 

 fertilizers. 



Grape marc contains 1*71 of nitrogen and 0'5 of potash 

 per cent.; it may be used in calcareous soils, on account of 

 its acidity, or may be mixed with lime to neutralize its 

 natural acidity, or with ashes or star phosphate to increase 

 their percentage of phosphate. 



Bamboos, sea-weed, box-tree, branches, &c., should be used 

 in stiff soils after having been chopped up, or in light soils 

 after being previously decomposed. These different manures 

 contain the following quantities of nitrogen : 



Box ... ... ... ... T17 per cent. 



Bamboos ... ... ... ... 0'43 ,, 



Sea-weed ... ... ... ... '40 to '55 per cent 



* Deougis, Tourteaux des graines oUagineuses, Toulon, 1876. 



