CULTURAL CAEE. 153 



shallower than first ploughing, but deeper than the follow- 

 ing. It is usually done in May or the beginning of June.* 

 It should not be done at the flowering season as the decrease 

 of temperature resulting from the active evaporation from 

 the surface of the freshly-disturbed soil would risk bringing 

 about non-setting. 



When the distance between the vines or branches spreading 

 over the ground prevents the use of a plough, this may be 

 done by hand ; it is cheaper to use draft implements when 

 possible; it also allows the work to be done quicker at the 



Fig. 134. Portal's Scarifier. 



right time. In the first case the tools shown in Figs. 124 and 

 125 are generally used, and, sometimes, but rarely, a spade. 

 In the second case, special ploughs are used with the body 

 deflected on the opposite side to that of the ploughs we have 

 been studying, or scarifiers and cultivators. These imple- 

 ments are preferable to ploughs when the surface is fairly 

 level, because their work is more rapid, cheaper, and leaves 

 the soil more even. 



We may mention Renault-Goin's double-furrow plough 

 (Fig. 133), and amongst scarifiers those of Portal, used in 

 the Aude, and that used in the H6rault, which costs 4 

 (Fig. 134). 



(p) Summer dressings. The dressings following the spring 

 scarifying, are much shallower. They are generally 



* November in Victoria. 



