ACCIDENTS, DISEASES, PARASITES. 183 



{pulverizers) give the best results, and large numbers have 

 been invented. The best known are those of Vermorel (Fig. 

 151), Vigouroux, Japy Bros., Albrand, Messrs. Lasmolles, 

 Frechou, and R. de La Faye. 



These instruments have been thoroughly described by 

 Ferrouillat.* 



(.) Pulverized Solid Matters. 



1st. Mixtures of sulphur and sulphate oj copper. The 

 necessity of sulphuring vines against oidium incluced viti- 

 eulturists to use sulphur as a vehicle for sulphate of copper 

 by mixing the copper salt with sulphur in a finely triturated 

 state. These mixtures are generally made in the following 

 proportion : 



Sulphate of copper ... ... 5 to 10 parts 



Sulphur ... ... 100 



This powder has sometimes given satisfactory results when 

 the mildew does not develop much, but is quite useless when 

 the disease reaches a certain intensity. It has the disadvan- 

 tage of not adhering to the leaves, and, if it does not rain, 

 the wind carries it away, while it is dissolved and washed 

 off by heavy rains. 



2nd. Sulpho-steatite of copper. With the object of in- 

 creasing its adhering power, Baron de Chefdebien added 

 pulverized steatite (a variety of talc) to the mixture. He 

 obtained better results, but not yet quite perfect in bad years. 

 It is impossible to obtain the lasting effect of hydrated oxides 

 in a colloidal state ; and, further, the sulphate, being easily 

 soluble, is always washed away by rain. 



3rd. Skawinski powders. Skawinski Bros, used, in the 

 Medoc, mixtures of sulphur, sulphate of copper, with different 

 powders and pulverized coal. They recommend the two 

 following formulas : 



1st Mixture 



Sulphur ... ... ... .. 50 parts 



Sulphate of copper ... 



Lime 



Powdered coal 



Calcined and powdered alluvial soil 



2nd Mixture 



Sulphate of copper 



Lime 



Powdered coal 



Calcined and powdered alluvial soil 



10 



3 



29 



50 n 



10 parts 



3 n 



72 



15 /, 



* Manuel pratique pour le traitement des maladies de la vigne, by P. Viala and P. 

 Ferrouillat, Montpellier, 1888. 



