200 



MANUAL OF MODERN VITICULTURE. 



It is possible, in some cases, to use water power derived 

 from rivers or channels from which the water for submersion 

 is taken ; in this case turbines or water wheels are used. 

 The work is done very economically. Wind power, although 



very variable, can be 

 used in conjunction 

 with water power or 

 steam. 



Whatever power is 

 used to raise the 

 water, the latter 

 is brought to the 

 machine by means of 

 sluices made a little 

 below the lowest level 

 of the river, and pro- 

 vided with sluice 

 doors for stopping the 



Fig. m.-Deiion's Rouet. water when required. 



This does away with 



embankments, always necessary when machines are estab- 

 lished near the river. When possible the drainage reticula- 

 tions should bring the water back to the pumping machine. 



(C.) Stopping drainage pipes. Old reclaimed swamps may 

 sometimes be used for submersion by throwing them into 

 their primitive state. The soil must be first levelled so as 

 to have an even depth of water, and the lowest point through 

 which the drainage water is taken away should be stopped by 

 means of sluice boxes placed for that purpose, and if drainage 

 pipes exist they must be stopped at their lowest point during 

 the whole operation. When the submersion is finished the 

 pipes are opened again to allow the soil to dry. Many appli- 

 cations of this system, which has the advantage of being 

 very economical and of great efficiency, have been success- 

 fully carried out. 



2ND. FORMATION OF SUBMERSION BASINS, OR BED-WORK 



SYSTEM. 



In this system the water is kept on the soil by means of 

 small banks forming a bed-work. 



(A.) Shape of beds. Beds should be made rectangular 

 whenever possible, for they render ploughing easier and 



