INSECTA. 159 



for three years on the wood. They are yellow, covered 

 with hairs of a brown color, shading into red. When 

 fully grown, their metamorphosis takes place in a fine 

 cocoon, formed of the sawdust they make under the bark. 

 The pupa is dark brown, and in three weeks comes forth 

 a butterfly. This species is very injurious to forests. 



The Walnut Moth (bombyx pudibunda), or Red 

 Tail, is whitish-brown, with four brown serrated lines 

 on each wing ; abdomen yellow. The caterpillar, yellow 

 and bristly, lives on all kinds of fruit and forest trees. 

 The metamorphosis takes place in August in a double 

 cocoon ; the red-brown pupa comes forth in May, winged, 

 and is also very injurious. 



The Vaporer (bombyx antiqua). The males have red- 

 brown wings ; the upper are marked with a few dark 

 lines, and on the lower border is a single white spot 

 enclosed in a brown margin. The female has a thick 

 gray-brown body, but is without wings. Caterpillar 

 gray ; black above, with red spots, from which yellow 

 bristles protrude ; they live on all kinds of trees and 

 shrubs, and are very abundant. Their cocoons are 

 brownish-gray ; the pupa pale yellow, striped with dark 

 brown. 



The Corner Spot (bombyx gogastima) resembles this 

 species. 



The Processionaries (bombyx procession ea), plate 24, 

 fig. 3, are gray, marked with black. The caterpillars of 

 these insects live in societies on oak trees, are brownish 

 black, rather whitish on the sides, and covered with stiff 

 reddish hairs. They dwell together in a silken tent as 

 long as they live, forming one community, and usually 

 issue forth in the evening in a well-ordered procession.' 

 A single one takes the lead, as guide, two others follow, 



