E 



[ 154] 



C 



pi. The fresh-water turtle or 

 tortoise. This has five nails to the 

 fore feet, and four to the hind ones. 

 Most of them feed on insects, 

 email fishes, &c. Their envelope 

 is generally more flattened than 

 that of the land tortoises. In fresh- 

 water tortoises all the toes are 

 nearly equal, and of moderate 

 length ; in land tortoises the toes 

 are also nearly equal, but they are 

 short; in the marine tortoise, or 

 turtle, the toes are all long, and 

 the middle toe of the fore paddle is 

 considerably longer than the rest. 

 Fossil species of the emys have 

 been discovered in the "Wealden, as 

 well as in lacustrine deposits of the 

 tertiary period. 



ENA'LIOSAUB. An extinct genus of 

 saurians of the old red sandstone. 



ENCE'PHALON. (e<y/ce'0aAos, Gr.) The 

 brain. 



E'NCRINAL. Pertaining to encrinites ; 

 composed of encrinites ; containing 

 encrinites. 



E'NCRINITE. (from Kplvov, Gr. lilium, 

 Lat; a lily.) A fossil encrinus. A 

 genus of the order Crino'idea, 

 known by the name of stone-lily. 

 Mr. Miller gives the following 

 description of the genus Encrinites, 

 or true lily-shaped animal. "A 

 crinoidal animal with a column 

 formed of numerous round depres- 

 sed joints, adhering by a radiating 

 grooved surface, and becoming sub- 

 pentangular near the pelvis, which 

 is composed of five pieces, giving a 

 lateral insertion to the first series 

 of costal plates, to which the 

 second series and scapulae succeed, 

 whence the tentaculated arms or 

 fingers proceed, formed by double 

 series of joints. Dr. Mantell ob- 

 serves, "there are some kinds 

 of star-fish which, instead of the 

 five flat rays of the common species, 

 have jointed rays, which surround 

 the body and mouth, like the 

 tentacula of the polypus. These 

 arms are composed of thousands 



of little bones, or ossicula, and 

 the whole are inclosed in the 

 common integument or skin. The 

 asterias is a free animal, floating 

 at liberty in the water. Now, 

 if we imagine a star- fish, like that 

 which I have described, to possess 

 a long flexible column, the base of 

 which is attached to a rock, we 

 shall have a correct idea of the 

 general character of the crinoi'dea, 

 or lily-shaped animals." Prof. 

 Buckland states, " successions of 

 strata, each many feet in thickness, 

 and many miles in extent, are often 

 half made up of the calcareous 

 skeletons of encrinites." The en- 

 crinite differs from the pentacrinite, 

 another genus of the same order, in 

 having the bones of its column 

 circular, or elliptical, whereas those 

 of the pentacrinite are angular or 

 pentagonal. In the encrinites mo- 

 niliformis, a species of encrinite, 

 Mr. Parkinson states the upper 

 part of the skeleton to consist of 

 nearly 27,000 ossicula, or small 

 bones. Fossil encrinites are so 

 various that they have been divided 

 into several subgenera, according 

 to the formation of the central body. 

 E'NCRINITES MONILIFOBMIS. The lily 

 encrinite, or bead columned true 

 lily-shaped animal. A species of 

 the genus encrinites. Its specific 

 characters are thus described by 

 Miller : "A crinoidal animal with 

 a column formed of numerous round 

 joints, alternately, as they approach 

 the pelvis, larger and smaller, be- 

 coming subpentangular when nearly 

 in contact with it. On the pelvis, 

 formed of five pieces, adhere later- 

 ally the first series of costa?, on 

 which the second series of costse is 

 placed, succeeded by the scapulae 

 from which the ten tentaculated 

 arms or fingers proceed. Animal 

 permanently affixed by exuded 

 indurated matter. The encrinites 

 moniliformis has hitherto been 

 found only in the muschelkalk of 



