xxiv 



SUMMARY. PHYSIOGNOMY OF PLANTS. 



History of the vegetable covering. Gradual extension of vegeta- 

 tion over the naked crust of rock. Lichens, mosses, oleaginous plants. 

 Cause of the present absence of vegetation in certain districts. pp. 213 

 -220. 



Each zone has its peculiar character. All animal and vegetable con- 

 formation is bound to fixed and ever-recurring types. Physiognomy 

 of Nature. Analysis of the combined effect produced by a region, 

 The individual elements of this impression. Outline of the mountain 

 ranges; azure of the sky; shape of the clouds. That which chiefly 

 determines the character is the vegetable covering. Animal organiza- 

 tions are deficient in mass; the mobility of individual species, and 

 often their diminutiveness, conceals them from view pp. 220-223. 



Enumeration of the forms of Plants which principally determine the 

 physiognomy of Nature, and which increase or diminish from the 

 equator towards the Pole, in obedience to established laws 



Text. 



Palms pp. 223-224 



Banana form . . . . . p. 224 



Malvaceae .... 



Mimosae 



Ericeae p. 225 



Cactus form . . . . . . p. 226 



Form of Orchideae .... 



Casuarinae 



Acicular-leaved Trees 



Pothos form, and that of the Aroideae 



Lianes and Climbing plants 



Aloes 



Illustrations, 

 pp. 296-304 

 p. 305 



p. 224 pp. 305-307 

 p. 225 pp. 307-308 

 pp. 308-310 

 pp. 310-312 



. p. 226 pp. 312-313 

 p. 226 pp. 313-314 

 . p. 227 pp. 314-329 

 . p. 227 pp. 329-331 

 pp. 227-228 



27-228 pp. 331-332 



p. 228 pp. 332-334 



Grass form p. 228 pp. 334-337 



Ferns p. 229 pp. 337-341 



Lilies p. 229 pp. 341-343 



Willow form p. 229 p. 343 



Myrtles 

 Melastomaceae . 

 Laurel form 



p. 229 pp. 343-346 



p. 229 

 p. 229 



p. 346 

 p. 346 



Enjoyment resulting from the natural grouping and contrasts of 

 these plant-forms. Importance of the physiognomical study of plants 

 to the landscape-painter pp. 229-231. 



SCIENTIFIC ILLUSTRATIONS AND ADDITIONS . . .pp. 232-352. 



Organisms, both animal and vegetable, in the highest Alpine regions, 

 near the line of eternal snow, in the Andes chain, and the Alps ; insects 

 are carried up involuntarily by the ascending current of air. The email 

 field-mouse (Hypudceus nivalis) of the Swiss Alps. On the real height 

 to which the Chinchilla laniger mounts in Chili pp. 232-233. 



Lecideae, Parmeliae on rocks not entirely covered with snow; but 

 certain phanerogamic plants also stray in the Cordilleras beyond the 



