SUMMARY. PLATEAU OF CAXAMAECA, &C. XXI* 



necessity for the assumption of peculiar vital forces pp. 386-387. The 

 difficulty of satisfactorily reducing the vital phenomena of the organism 

 to physical and chemical laws is, principally, based on the complexity 

 of the phenomena, on the multiplicity of forces acting simultaneously, 

 as well as on the varying conditions of their activity. Definition of 

 the expressions, animate and inanimate matter. Criteria of the 

 miscent state ensuing upon separation, are the simple enunciation of 

 a fact pp. 387-389. 



THE PLATEAU OF CAXAMAKCA, THE ANCIENT CAPITAL 

 OF THE INCA ATAHUALLPA, AND FIEST VIEW OF 

 THE PACIFIC FROM THE RIDGE OF THE ANDES. 



pp. 390-420. 



Cinchona, or Quina-woods in the valleys of Loxa. First use of the 

 fever-bark in Europe ; the Vice-Queen Countess of Chinchon pp. 390- 

 392. 



Alpine vegetation of the Paramos. Ruins of ancient Peruvian cause- 

 ways; they rise in the Paramo del Assuay almost to the height of 

 Mont Blanc p. 394. Singular mode of communication, by a 

 swimming courier p. 399. 



Descent to the Amazon River. Vegetation around Chamaya and 

 Tomependa; red groves of Bougainvillaea. Rocky ridges which erosa 

 the Amazon River. Cataracts. Narrows of the Pongo de Manseriche, in 

 which the mighty stream, measured by La Condamine, is hardly 160 

 feet broad. Fall of the rocky dam of Rentema, which for several hours, 

 laid bare the bed of the river, to the terror of the inhabitants on its 

 banks p. 401. 



Passage across the Andes chain, where it is intersected by the mag- 

 netic equator. Ammonites of nearly 15 inches, Echini and Isocardia of 

 the chalk-formation, collected between Guambos and Montan, nearly 

 12,800 feet above the sea. Rich silver-mines of Chota. The pictu- 

 resque, tower-like Cerro de Gualgayoc. An enormous mass of filament- 

 ous virgin silver in the Pampa de Navar. A treasure of virgin gold, 

 twined round with filamentous silver, in the shell-field (Choropampa), 

 so named on account of the numerous fossils. Outbursts of silver and 

 gold ores in the chalk-formations. The little mountain-town of Micui- 

 pampa lies 11,873 feet above the sea pp. 402-405. 



Across the mountain wilderness of the Paramo de Yanaguanga the 

 teaveller descends into the beautiful embosomed valley or rather 

 Plateau of Caxamarca (almost at an equal altitude with the city of Quito). 

 Warm baths of the Inca. Ruins of Atahuallpa's palace, inhabited by 

 his indigent descendants, the family of Astor,pilca. Belief entertained 

 there, in the existence of subterranean golden gardens of the Inca; said 

 to be situated in the lovely valley of Yucay, under the Temple of 

 the Sun at Cuzco, and at many other points. Conversation with the 

 son of the Curaca Astorpilca. The room is still shown in which the 

 unfortunate Atahuallpa was kept prisoner for nine months, from the 

 November of 1532; also the wall on which he made a mark to indicate 



