32 Vineyard Culture. 



and bowlders exist, they must be removed by extra hands, as 

 they are discovered by the plow. 



Many farmers will prefer to use two plows, with two 

 teams ; the first one reverses the sod and surface soil ; the sec- 

 ond, made with a long and high mold-board, follows in the 

 furrow, and throws out the next layer of earth, and piles it 

 upon the furrowvlice cast by the first plow. In this man- 

 ner, the two layers will be pretty well reversed and trans- 

 posed ; the deeper will be chiefly upon the surface. The 

 second plow will require a strong team, to make it run six 

 inches deep, and the two combined will loosen the earth to a 

 depth of twelve to fourteen inches seldom more. If de- 

 sired, a subsoil-lifter plow may now be passed along the 

 bottom of the deep furrow, and, with sufficient team, it may 

 be made to loosen the soil or subsoil to the depth of six 

 or eight inches more, completely filling the space with loos- 

 ened material, and admitting the air to meliorate this com- 

 pact layer of crude earth, which is often unfit to be placed 

 upon the surface. 



In this plan, the same ground is passed over three different 

 times, first with a strong two-horse team, turning six or eight 

 inches, next with a team of four horses or oxen, and lastly, 

 with a powerful team of four or six oxen; for it is found that 

 these patient creatures are best adapted to the heavy soil and 

 obstructions that are often met with in the subsoils, particu- 

 larly when they consist of tenacious clays. All the imple- 

 ments should be of the firmest construction, put together in 

 the most substantial manner, made of the best material steel, 

 iron and wood and kept duly sharpened. 



The cost of such a force of men and teams, to say nothing 

 of the wear and tear, will be considerable. The following 

 estimate is based upon the prices paid for teams in this neigh- 

 borhood : 



