London to John O 1 Groat's. 



171 



If so, then the total amount appropriated to the land 

 which he rents cannot be less than 30,000, or nearly 

 150,000 dollars. The inventory of his live stock, taken 

 at last Michaelmas, resulted in these figures : Sheep, 

 6,481; horses, 2,487; bullocks, 2,218; pigs, 452; 

 making a grand total of 11,638. Every animal bred 

 on the estate is fatted, but by no means with the grain 

 and roots grown upon it. The outlay for oil-cake and 

 corn purchased for feeding, amounts to about 4,000 

 per annum. Another heavy expenditure is about 

 1,700 yearly for artificial fertilisers, consisting of 

 guano and blood-manure. Mr. Jonas is one of the 

 directors of the company formed for the manufacture 

 of the latter. 



The whole income of the establishment is realised 

 from two sources meat and grain. And this is the 

 distinguishing characteristic of English farming gene- 

 rally. Not a pound of hay, straw or roots is sold off 

 the estate. Indeed, this is usually prohibited by the 

 conditions of the contract with the landlord. So 

 completely has Mr. Jonas adhered to this rule, that 

 he could not give me the market price of hay, straw 

 or turnips per ton, as he had never sold any, and was 

 not in the habit of noticing the market quotations of 

 those products. I was surprised at one fact which I 

 learned in connection with his economy. He keeps 



