THE EARTH EECEIVES HER KING. 283 



in Europe. They occur especially along the valleys of the 

 Somme, the Seine, the Thames but also, in many other re- 

 gions. They have been the subject of voluminous discussion. 

 In Brazil, stone implements have recently been described in 

 large numbers from the gravels of the province Rio Gran-de 

 do Sul. From caverns many relics have been obtained, which 

 throw much light on the condition and associations of primi- 

 tive men. Numerous other facts have been yielded from the 

 bottoms of European lakes. It appears that the early inhab- 

 itants constructed their habitations on piles in the lakes, and 

 communication with the shore was effected by a bridge which 

 could be readily removed. Some of these piles still remain. 

 Naturally, many articles used by the dwellers in these abodes 

 were lost in the water and never recovered. Many thousands 

 have been dredged up in recent times. Another source of 

 light on primitive man is found in the sea-side accumulations 

 of kitchen-refuse piles of shells and bones and organic debris 

 reaching several yards in length, and sometimes eight or ten 

 feet high. These are the refuse of fishing villages. They 

 contain implements, domestic utensils, and personal ornaments 

 once belonging to the inhabitants. The peat bogs of Den- 

 mark and other countries give us other relics. From the 

 mounds and other burial places much further information is 

 obtained. 



Among the relics of these early settlers in Europe, we find 

 many stone axes some rough and others laboriously polished. 

 Flint arrow-heads and lance-heads are very common. Fish- 

 hooks and other articles of bone occur in the lakes and the 

 shell-mounds. Very numerous articles of bronze used for 

 ornament are dredged from the lakes brooches, bracelets, 

 pins. Fragments of pottery occur in the lakes and shell- 

 mounds. Woven cloth has been exhumed from some of the 

 oldest deposits ; and jars of dried apples and wheat, and even 

 cakes, have been yielded from the pile-habitations. The older 

 relics are rudest, as might be expected; and consist exclu- 

 sively of stone and bone. Later, bronze came into use, and 

 the workmanship was finer. Lastly iron became known. 



