KK.MEDIES roiJ INSECTS AND FUNdl IN-HKINCJ FRUITS. 63 



copper, called l)y the French eau celeste, to the t\vig>; and branches 

 before the leaves appear, to destroy any germs of the scab that 

 may be lodged in the crevices of the bark ; then as soon as the 

 leaves have unfolded the lime and Paris green mixture must be 

 applieil for tlie tent caterpillar and the canker-worm, aiul as soon 

 as the petals have fallen tlie second application should be made 

 for the codling moth and plum curculio. This application must be 

 repeated at the proper intervals — of one week to twenty days — 

 according to the weather, until the first of July. After this, the 

 Paris green not being needed, the ammoniacal carbonate of copper 

 may be used. The latter application is to be preferred from the 

 fact that it does not disfigure the fruit, while if the Bordeaux mix- 

 ture is used late in the season, it adheres to the fruit so as to injure 

 its sale unless washed. No substance has been found that can be 

 used in this way and at the same time for the apple maggot, a 

 little insect that -in many localities and upon some varieties, is 

 doing more injury even than the codling motli. The destruction of 

 the fruit before the maggot escapes is the oul}' remedy yet suggested 

 that promises to be of any value. 



The Pear. — The insects attacking the pear that can be destroyed 

 by the arsenites are the codling moth and the plum curculio, and 

 the fungi that can be killed by copper solutions are the pear leaf 

 blight (Micrococcus aviylovorous, Burrill), and the pear scab 

 (Fusicladinvi p^?«»?tHi). The pear leaf blight is another parasitic 

 plant somewhat like the apple scab, but more minute and perhaps 

 working deeper into the tissues of the leaf, often causing all the 

 leaves to drop from the trees. This fungus also causes the scab 

 and cracking of the fruit so common on the White Doyenne and 

 Flemish Beauty. For the insects Paris green is effectual, and the 

 Bordeaux mixture has proved as efficient for the pear fungus as 

 for the apple scab. While the fire-blight (so-called) is not of such 

 a nature as to be affected by the outward applications of fungicides 

 after it has attacked the tree, we believe that this mixture will 

 destroy any germs with which it comes in contact, and that b}' care- 

 ful attention to the proper condition of soil, manuring, and cultiva- 

 tion we may very largely overcome this most destructive disease. 



The Pll'm. — The plum curculio, the black wart of the tree, and 

 the rotting of the fruit have been found to succumb to the Bordeaux 

 mixtui'e and Paris green. 



The only trees on the college grounds upon which the fruit was 

 not stung by the curculio or that did not rot as soon as it approached 



