PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 141 



INlany shrubs and trees can be grown from cuttings of old and 

 new wood, also by cuttings of the roots. Many trees and shrubs 

 otherwise hard to propagate by cuttings of the hard or soft wood are 

 easily propagated by pieces of the roots. The elm, Ailanthus, 

 plum, pea, apple, hawthorn, cherry, mountain ash, Acanthopanax, 

 iVralia, some Cornuses, Phellodendron, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 

 Nyssa multi flora and others are examples. Most of the shrubs 

 are easily propagated by soft wood, that is, the growing wood, in 

 summer-time under glass, while most shrubs root readily from the 

 young growth, but few of the trees will. The trees to root most 

 readily from hard wood are willows, poplars, and plane trees. Of 

 the shrubs that root most readily from hard wood cuttings are most 

 of the Loniceras, Hydrangea paniculata tj-pe, Forsythias, Phila- 

 delphus, tamarack, privet. Spiraea, and Sambucus. Rosa setigera 

 and Rosa lucida, Rosa Carolina, R. Manetti, R. midtiflora, R. refens, 

 and R. Wichuraiana are the most easily rooted among the roses; 

 many of the roses it is almost impossible to grow from hard wood ; 

 Ribes, that is currants and gooseberries, Cornus of most species, 

 a few of the Viburnums, such as tomentosum, dentatum and varieties, 

 Actinidia, most of the grapes, Althaeas, Weigelas, Deutzias, and 

 some others. Many plants root much more readily from the green 

 cuttings in summer than from hard wood cuttings, viz. — all the 

 Viburnums, Cornuses, Ailanthus, privets, Iberis, Berberis, Euonymus, 

 Spiraea, Actinidia, Gordonia, Syri7iga chinensis, Caryopteris, Daphne 

 mezereum, Deutzia, Philadelphus, hybrid lilacs, and others. 



Fall is the best time to make hard wood cuttings, although if they 

 are taken any time up to the middle of INIarch they will do well. 

 The best height of most cuttings is five or eight inches. Willows and 

 poplars may be much longer and thicker than those of the shrubs. 



Good clean new growth of the previous year, well ripened, makes 

 the best cuttings. I always like to cut the cuttings smooth just 

 below an eye. Although it is not always necessary, it is convenient 

 as soon as the cuttings are made to tie them up in bundles, say forty 

 or fifty in a bundle; if the bundle is too large they are apt to heat. 

 I usually use copper wire to tie them with, as string is apt to rot, 

 and then follows confusion if you have many varieties. If your 

 ground is dry and well sheltered, the cuttings may be planted in the 

 fall, otherwise it is best to heel them in in winter, the butts near the 



