THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



* Smooth sumach, .... Rhus glabra. 

 Poison sumach, poisou dojiwood, . Rhus Vcrnix. 

 Poison iv}', ..... Rhus Toxicodendron. 



* Raspberries, tliiml)l('ljerrics, and 



bhickberries, .... Rubus. 



(All species are eaten bj' birds.) 

 ■\Vild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humiUs. 



(The hips of other sjiecies are px'obabl}- eaten.) 

 Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus raccmosa. 



* American elder, sweet elder, Ijlack 



elder, ...... Sambucus canadensis. 



Sweet gum, ..... Liqutdambar Sti/racijlua. 



"Wild gooseljerries and currants, . Ribes. 



(All species.) 



Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menis2^erimim cajiadcnse. 



* Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Psedera quinquefolia. 

 Wild grapes, ..... Vitis. 



(All species.) 

 Probably all the thorn ti-ees (Cralccgus), including the English haw- 

 thorn (^Crata'gus Uxi/acanthti) . 

 Sassafras, ..... Sassafnts variifolium. 



* Red mulberry, .... Mortis rubra. 



* Russian mull^erry, .... Morus alba, var. Talarica. 



* Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berr^', Cellis occidentalis . 

 American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



* Winterberr}', black alder, . . Ilex verticillata. 



(Probably other species of holly (Ilex) are also eaten.) 

 Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celastrus scandcns. 



* Bayberry, ..... Myrica carolincnsis. 



* Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 



* Shad bush, June berr^-, . . . Aiaelanchier canadensis. 

 Red chokeberry, .... Pyrus arbnlifolia. 



(Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 

 Beach plum, ..... Prunus niaritima. 



(And prol)ably other iilums.) 

 Wild red cherr}-, bird cherry, . . Prunus pennsijlvanica. 



Sand cherry, .... 



* Black cherry, rum cherry, 



* Choke cherry, .... 

 Withe-rod, .... 

 Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, ...... Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opuhts.^ 



1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



Prunus jitimila. 

 Prunus serolina. 

 Prunus virginiana. 

 Vib urnum cassinoides. 



