620 



Popular Science Monthly 



Removing Small Bronze Bushings 

 That Have Become Worn 



IN certain machines it is necessary at 

 times to remove bronze bushings which 

 have become worn and are so located 

 that it is impossible to drive them out. 

 Chipping takes too much time. The sketch 

 shows a method 

 which is very easily 

 applied in such cases. 

 A bolt of sufficient 

 length, A, is used 

 through the bushing 

 and a piece of pipe 

 B is placed as shown. 

 The length of the 

 pipe should be equal 

 to the thickness of 

 the part, C; the diameter of the pipe 

 should be a little larger than i:he outside 

 diameter of the bushing. 



A large washer or a short piece of bar 

 iron may be used at D. The head of the 

 bolt should be slightly smaller than the 

 outside diameter of the bushing; then by 

 turning the nut the bushing is easily re- 

 moved. — ^J. P. Harner. 



Drawing a bronze 

 bushing with bolt 



Drawing a Nail Easily After Striking 

 It a Blow with a Hammer 



A NAIL not driven entirely in and which 

 has become so rusted that it cannot 

 be withdrawn without breaking a hammer 

 handle, will come out easily if it is struck a 

 smart blow first. The same holds true 

 with a screw; if it will not turn out, try 

 turning it in first. These suggestion may 

 not always work, but many times the 

 trouble may be overcome by their use. 



Smooth Tone Phonograph Diaphragm 

 Made of Telephone Transmitter 



AN electric attachment for the ordinary 

 L phonograph or victrola can be used 

 with pleasing results in place of the 

 diaphragm sound reproducer and horn. 

 It is necessary to unscrew the diaphragm 

 from the swivel and substitute in its place 

 a small, light telephone transmitter from 

 which the rubber mouthpiece has been 

 removed. The transmitter can be held in 

 place by wires or a removable clamp. To 

 one of the sides of the transmitter a 

 tungsten needle is soldered. Ordinary soft 

 tone or loud tone steel needles can be used, 

 but they have to be replaced so frequently 

 that the task becomes tedious. 



The weight of the transmitter may be 

 regulated with small rings of lead. The 

 needle should bear upon the phonograph 

 cylinder surface with the same pressure as 

 is exerted when it is used ordinarily. 



Small flexible silk-covered lamp cord 

 should be connected with the terminals of 

 the transmitter, and led to the back of the 

 phonograph and to a battery and a tele- 

 phone receiver. Sensitive receivers are not 

 necessary. It is advisable to use double re- 

 ceivers fitted with a head band. One fresh 

 cell of the dry battery type will be sufficient. 

 The proper connections are shown in the 

 accompanying diagram. A fifty-ohm vari- 

 able resistance should be inserted some- 

 where in the circuit. 



When the phonograph is started, the 

 notes of music will be heard in the telephone 

 receivers with perfect clearness, the usual 

 scratching sound being almost entirely elim- 

 inated. By adjusting the resistance box 

 the tones can be made loud or soft at will. 

 If the record is old and badly scratched, 

 the customary grating noise can be "tuned" 

 completely out by adjusting the rheostat. 



The explanation of the operation of this 

 device is that, contrary to the usual grapho- 

 phone sound-enlarging arrangement, the 

 electric system does away almost entirely 

 with sound distortion. It is impossible to 

 construct a phonograph horn which will 

 not distort the sound. On short distance 

 telephone systems, if they are properly 

 constructed, the distortion of the sound is 

 hardly appreciable. The sounds which 

 emerge from the receivers when the trans- 



Telep^one 

 TranomiHer 



Jungaten 

 '' Needle 



m 



Tet. Receixrer 



50 Ohm ffesisfontt 



Tronsmiffer L- 

 DryCelh 



A telephone transmitter used in place of the 

 sovmd-producing diaphragm of a phonograph 



mitter is used with a phonograph record are 

 consequently nearly pure. The music 

 sounds as if it comes from a distance, almost 

 resembling the sound of music coming 

 across the water. 



