A ISI E R I C A X SYLVICULTURE 



IV. Pacific forest of the Alpine region. 



Typical trees are: 



Pinus albicaulis (Dwarf White Pine), occurrin;? in the Cascades 

 and the Northern Rockies. 



Pinus balfouriana and aristata (Fox-Tail Pine), White Pines 

 found in California at 8,000 feet to 12,000 feet elevation: twigs thin, 

 retaining needles for many years. 



Abies lasiocarpa (Balsam). At edge of tree growth but a 

 shrub. In Colorado at lower, warmer situations a valuable tree. 

 Occurs in all states of the west. 



Larix lyallii (Larch of British Columbia). Occurs here and 

 there in Washington, Idaho and Montana, at very high altitudes. 



Tsuga niertensiana (Hemlock). A storm-battered Hemlock, at 

 high altitudes in Sierras, Cascades, Montana. A branchy tree up 

 to 100 feet high, inaccessible and hence of no value. 



Paragraph V. General definitions and explan- 

 ations. 



A. By the term " wood " is understood an aggregate of 



trees of such uniform character that it can be subjected to the 

 same manner of treatment. In the American vii^in forests, 

 " woods " are rare. As a matter of fact the term " w^oods " as well 

 as the term "forests" has no definite meaning in America. A 

 forester should keep in mind, however, that a plantation or a 

 natural regeneration, whatever its age and its condition, must be 

 classed under the heading " forests." 



A " group " of trees consists of even-aged specimens of the same 

 species and is larger than a bunch, clump, or cluster. No recog- 

 nized definitions of the term "group" and "clump" are at hand, 

 unfortunately, based on the space or the acreage covered by them 

 as units. Groups, as understood in the following pages, are dis- 

 tinct aggregates of trees covering ^\ to 4 acres. 



Seed forests, or high forests, are forests composed of specimens 

 originating from tree seeds. 



Sprout forests, or coppice woods, are forests composed of speci- 

 mens originating from sprouts, stoolshoots, rootsuckers, layers, 

 cuttings, and not from the seeds of the trees. 



Composite forests are forests recruited from tree seeds as well 

 as from stumpsprouts. The composite forest is a mixture or a 

 combination of the seed forest and of the sprout forest. 



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