AMERICAN S Y L \ I C U L T U R E 



species appearing in the old timber; or the group, previously stocked 

 with an undesirable species, is to be seeded by a better kind. 



B. Actual application: This type has never played an im- 

 portant role in connection with natural seed regeneration. Sylvi- 

 culturally it seems well adapted to Yellow Poplar, Long Leaf Pine, 

 Lodgepole Pine, White Pine, also to Hickory, Hard Maple and Oak. 



Where the groups have the shape of long tongues, running 

 parallel at regular intervals, they are tei'med "coulisses." The 

 coulisses are usually meant for the regeneration of more light- 

 demanding species ; the " benches " separating the coulisses for the 

 regeneration of more shade -bearing species. 



In Germany, the space formerly occupied by a cleared group 

 is termed a " hole." Such holes are made frequently by storm, or 

 by snow and sleet. Where the groups, after reseeding, are gradu- 

 ally enlarged, the cleared group-type is bastardized with the shel- 

 terwood group type. 



C. Advantages: The soil of the group, thanks to a sufficient 

 amotuit of side shade, retains its freshness and porosity. It is 

 sheltered from severe winds and severe heat. Species too sensitive 

 for reproduction in larger clearings or strips can be raised in 

 groups. Wliere the age classes appear in bunches, each bunch can 

 be harvested at its proper age of maturity. No harm or little harm 

 is done to young growth during the logging season. 



D. Disadvantages: 



I. Operations are scattering. 



II. Intricate system of permanent roads required. 



III. Groups surrounded by tall timber frequently act as " frost- 

 holes " where yoiuig growth suffers badly from early frosts and 

 late frosts in clear nights. 



IV. Thin barked trees surroiuiding the group, and notably those 

 standing at its northeasterly margin, suffer from sun scald; flat- 

 rooted trees suffer from storm. 



Paragraph XLVI. The cleared selection type. 



A. In this type, individual trees considered matiu'e are 

 selected for removal, eitlier absolutely singly, or in very small 

 patches formed by neighboring trees. 



The clearings made are so small that only shade -bearing species 

 will regenerate thereon, unless tlie soil be particularly strong. 

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