AMERICAN SYLVICULTURE 

 Paragraph LVIII. Peda^o^ie of the seed forest. 



The term " pedagogie " comprises the principles and rules which 

 pertain to the training of the young. 



Forest pedagogie, or forest tendance, the second part of the 

 sylviculturists' activity, is of little importance in America at the 

 present time since there are no young forests at hand which might 

 be trained profitably. Forest protection, usually considered a 

 branch of forestry, is merely a branch of forest pedagogie. 



The following operations are here treated imder the heading 

 " forest pedagogie." 



A. Cleaning ] Indirectly remunerative acts or 



B. Weeding f investments. 



C. Improvement cuttings 1 Directly remunerative acts yielding 



D. Thinning C a surplus revenue. 



E. Pruning ] Indirectly remunerative acts or 



F. Underplanting C investments. 



Tlie definitions of the terms " cleaning," " weeding," " improve-" 

 ment cutting " and " thinning " are so indistinct that it is often 

 difficult to dilTerentiate them. Definitions might be based either 

 on the age of the wood ci-op tended, or on the purpose aimed at, 

 or on the financial side of the tending. 



Cleaning and weeding are applied for the benefit of very young 

 growth and usually require an investment. 



Pruning, thinning and improvement cutting iire applied for the 

 benefit of thickets or polewoods. 



Improvement cuttings and thinnings usually furnish a surplus 

 revenue whilst pruning succeeds in but rare cases to be directly 

 remunerative. 



Mr. H. S. Graves, in " The principles of handling woodlands," 

 applies the term " improvement cuttings " to any and all cuttings 

 primarily meant to improve, and not to reproduce the forest. His 

 definition abandons the distinct and restricted meaning given to tlie 

 term in the English forest literatvire. 



Paragraph LIX. Gleaning in seed forests. 



Cleaning may occur during the seedling stage and the small 

 sapling stage. It implies the removal of saplings forming a 

 shrubby advance growth (wolves) ; or the removal of undesirable 

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