AMERICAN SYLVICULTURE 



Obviously, with the beginning of logging operations the 

 •" primeval forms " are gradually, piece by piece, changed into 

 "culled forms," the display of -which largely depends on vendi- 

 bility and on fires. 



The cases are rare in which the primeval forest enters at once 

 or directly into a cultured form (Pisgah Forest of the Biltmore 

 Estate; Xe-ha-sa-ne park; government forests in Galizia) without 

 passing through the stage of " culled form." In the large majority 

 of cases, the primeval woods pass through " culled forms " into 

 "cultured forms," in the course of generations of men and of trees. 



B. Culled forms of seed forests: 



I. Characteristic for the culled forms of the seed forests is the 

 absence of mature or maturing trees belonging to a desirable 

 species; the preponderance of weeds, unsound trees, undesirable 

 species and of trees and poles badly crippled by the logging opera- 

 tions. Only diseased trees or relative small trees of the desirable 

 species are left to seed the ground. 



Advance growth is invariably spoiled where the form is omni- 

 vendible or multivendible. 



Characteristic for the culled forms is, further, the presence of 

 large amounts of debris and of a parched humus, or else of the 

 ashes thereof. 



As a rule, the culled forms show death and scars due to forest 

 fires. 



Frequently, the culled forest displays an entirely new assort- 

 ment of the species composmg it, the previously prevailing species 

 having been removed by logging. It is more " mobbish " than the 

 primeval forest. 



II. Subdivisions of the culled forms of seed forests: 



The culled forest is usually more uniform than the primeval 

 forest from which it emanates, owing to the uniform character of 

 the logging operations. Still, the compartment form, group form 

 and selection form originally exhijjited are usually retained. 



In the compartment form and in the group form a few worth- 

 less trees or veterans left standing and continuing to live frequently 

 recall the " form of standards in high forest " or the " form of 

 imderplanted high forest." (Compare C, II, b, of .the same 

 paragraph.) 



III. Treatment of the culled seed forests: 



Where fires are kept out, the chances for seed regeneration are 

 good — unusually good — owing to the condition of the seed-bed and 

 to the unlimited food supply available for the seedlings. 

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