THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



b. In small pure groups sprinkled amongst the Bald Cypress 

 and Red Gum of the southern hummocks; 



c. In the selection form grafted upon compartments of higli 

 forest of other hardwoods, notably of Chestnut, Hickory, Gum 

 (Ten.) ; or grafted on compartments of Kalmia, Rhododendron, 

 Chinquapin (N. C). 



d. In pure even-aged groups (prairie borders). 



e. In selection forests mixed with many other hardwoods also 

 i:i selection form. 



II. Culled seed forests: The culled forest of oak is usually 

 axe-culled as well as fire-culled, thus partly losing its character 

 as a high forest. 



The n. s. r. of White Oak, Chestnut Oak and Scarlet Oak at 

 Biltmore proceeds selectionwise or in compartments, notably so on 

 Indian fields in the Pink-beds; underneath Cliestnut, Maples, and 

 Oaks on Poplar hill; mixed with Hickory on the lower west slope 

 of Averys creek and so on. 



The Oaks endure shade well for a long number of years, tr.^il- 

 ing on the ground until freed from superstructure. Coccinea three 

 years old is only five inches high, being clipped back continuously 

 by insufficient lignification of its top-shoots. 



Even-aged polewoods of Oak are found all over the Blue RiJgo 

 and the Piedmont Plateau. Examination will usuallj^ prove them 

 to be fire-culled coppice formed by the fire-killed, younger age 

 classes of primeval woods (seedlings, saplings and small poles). 



III. Cultured seed forests. 



The cultured high forest of Oaks in America is still in statu 

 nascendi. The growth of the Oaks during early youth is very slow. 

 The soil to be used for it is usually so badly hardened as to require 

 artificial help to n. s. r. Oak seedlings and saplings are rare In 

 Pisgah Forest. 



The Oaks mingle with the Short-leaf Pine everywhere as an 

 undergrowth started by n. s. r., or as a companion-growth in Pine 

 polewoods. Here too, however, the fires have usuallj' converted 

 seedlings and. saplings into stump sprouts. 



In the S. E., regeneration under shelterwood or in advance of 

 logging (by the group type or by the compartment type) seems 

 advisable. In the mixture with the Oaks should be encouraged: 

 Maples, Black Gums, Pines (White Pine retains its branches for a 

 long time in the mixture), Chestnut,- Hickory, Walnut. 



Record of seed years at Biltmore: 



White Oak: good in 1899. 



165 



