THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



«lse mixed with Hard Maple, Elm, Oliestnut, Red Oak, Yellow 

 Poplar. 



II. Culled seed forests: 



The regeneration follows the selection type; fires clip the seed- 

 imgs and saplings; larger poles and trees seem to withstand well. 



III. Cultured seed forests: 



Young seedlings develop very slowly; they are less sensitive 

 than their shade-endluance would indicate. Pure forests are found 

 only in Russia. 



Seedlings planted at Biltmore on old fields, of strong qualities, 

 Jiave hesitated to develop for six years, growing bushy and crooked. 



Linden underplanted below Oaks and Chestnuts after moderate 

 thinning on North slopes seems to answer admirably, forming long 

 and straiglit, although overhanging topshoots. 



Seed occurs in Pisgah Forest annually. The majority of the 

 seeds, however, seem to drop immature. 



G. Yellow Poplar: 



I. Primeval forests: 



Yellow Poplar appears invariably in the selection type, or iu 

 the form of standards. 



II. Culled seed forests: 



The species attempts unceasingly to propagate its kind by 

 n. s. r. The heavier the destruction by the axe, the better are its 

 chances for success. Fires, on the other hand, annihilate the seed- 

 lings and check the chances for regeneration thereafter, owing to a 

 rank growth of weeds following the fires. In Pisgah Forest, seed- 

 lings and saplings were entirely lacking, imtil fires were stopped. 



The regeneration on old fields, on the other hand, is prolific 

 and easy. Cattle press the seeds into the ground and check the 

 competing weeds. Sassafras, Locust and Pine frequently act as 

 ushers. The old fields are usually protected from fire by the 

 owners wishing to protect their fences. 



No known species prunes itself so readily from branches as 

 does Yellow Poplar, the dead branches popping off without leaving 

 any stumps. 



III. Cultured seed forests: 



No species at Biltmore is as easily regenerated by n. s. r. as is 

 Yellow Poplar. In Biltmore Forest, the group type is readily 

 carried through with the help of three or four mother-trees to 

 the acre. The companions of the mother trees, notably Oaks 



169 



