A :\I E R I C AX S Y L \ I C U L T U E E 



and Cliestnuts, are gradually cut away; spreading Dogwoods are 

 deadened to preA^ent them from forming stoolshoots. 



In Pisgah Forest, regeneration is helped by preceding pasturage 

 (especially in early spring, before the seeds of Poplar germinate), 

 and by weeding following in the wake of n. s. r. 



The seeds will never sprout in the humus; seedlings born late 

 in spring (June) and showing the cotyledons still in September are 

 sure to be killed by frost; also seedlings growing in the shade of 

 weeds. The logging roads and log yards are real " nurseries " for 

 Poplar. On steep ground, the seedlings are washed out by the rain. 



The growth is very fast. 



Seed years are annual: hollow trees are likely to furnish poor 

 seeds. 



Plantations of three-year-olds at Biltmore on poor old fields did 

 badly; on good soil, especially where a volunteer growth of Locust 

 has joined the plants, the success is complete. Plantations of 

 Yellow Poplar alternating with White Pine promise well. 



H. Maples: 



I. Primeval forests: 



Here tlie regeneration follows tlie compartment type (Adiron- 

 dacks, Missouri valley), the group type and the selection type 

 (Michigan, Northern Minnesota). Maple usually appears in mixture 

 with other hardwoods, also with Spruce and White Pine. Soft 

 Maple occurs in low, moist sites as well as on dry ridges. Hard 

 Maple demands well-drained and strong soil, preferring Northern 

 aspects. 



H. Culled seed forests: 



After culling, the younger stages of Maple are usually left 

 in possession and develop in dense thickets, preventing more valu- 

 able species (White Pines) from establishing themselves. In the 

 Adirondacks, Soft Maple is frequently found on Spruce flats after 

 windfalls (associated with Yellow Birch). 



III. Cultured seed forests: 



Dr. Fernow at Axton succeeded in establishing, in places, a 

 splendid regeneration obtained from advance growth n. s. r. of the 

 compartment type, removing the parents at one stroke. In Europe, 

 the shelterwood compartment type answers admirably. 



Biltmore Forest is deficient in Maple. Still, Hard IMaple 

 planted on abandoned fields, pure or in mixture with White Pine, 

 has done almirably, except on dry'S. W. slopes, dry spurs, and very 

 moist river bottoms. 



170 



