THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



1. Prevailing coppice, or with 



2. Prevailing standards. 



The standards might be planted in regular rows (Charles 

 Heyer's idea) or in regular groups or — irregularly — in suitable 

 places; or they might be recruited from self-sown seed under the 

 selection type. 



III. Treatment of cultured forms of coppice under standards. 



The regeneration of the overwood as well as its pedagogic is 

 difficult, unless the group type is carried through. Individual seed- 

 lings are very apt to be suffocated in the mass of faster-growing 

 coppice and require continuous, careful attention. Thinnings are 

 required to prepare the youngest class of standards immerged in^ 

 the coppice for its future task. 



The overwood is sometimes pruned — in this ease of dead as welb 

 as of live branches. 



Paragraph LXXVI. Critical remarks on the 

 coppice under standards. 



The coppice-under-standards forest combines the good qualities 

 of the high forest with those of the coppice forest. It furnishes 

 timber of all sizes in the largest possible variety. It requires a 

 moderate investment sunk into the growing stock and allows the- 

 overwood to grow into log size at a very fast rate. It is a good, 

 form for the OAvners of small woodlands desiring steady returns. 

 It protects the fertility of the soil better than the coppice form. 



The logs furnished by the overwood raised selectionwise are 

 necessarily branchy and wide ringed, with the incident bad and 

 good qualities of such logs. The trees usually do not yield more- 

 than two saw logs. 



Where the imderwood is unsalable or low priced, stress must 

 be laid on a prevalence of the overwood. Where it is valuable as 

 a tanning material or as wagon stock, the underwood is favored. 



The danger from fire, since hardwoods are usually at stake,, 

 is not very great. The density of the brushy underwood, liowever,. 

 aggravates the difficulties confronting the fire fighter. 



In Europe, the forms of "coppice under standards" are more 

 and more abandoned and restricted to the inundation districts along 

 the rivers. Here, on strong soil, the undergi-owth endures an enor- 

 mous amoimt of shade, and the overwood develops fairly long boles, 

 in spite of a free position. 



