A :M E R I C A X SYLVICULTURE 



The coppice-under-standards form in Europe requires careful, 

 -niinute and honest management: careful, because the leaf canopy 

 of the overwood rapidly increases during the rotation of the under- 

 "wood; minute, because individual trees or groups of trees must be 

 continuously watched; honest, because an unscrupulous forester or 

 a thoughtless owner may easily and heavily reduce the capital 

 of the forest whilst claiming to merely withdraw revenue pro- 

 duced by it. 



In America, in the hardwood forests of the Alleghanies and 

 in the pineries of the South, the form is destined to play a most 

 important role. The form exists and will have to be retained for 

 decades of years to come, owing to its tempting financial merits; 

 the ease and cheapness of regeneration; the short period of waiting 

 between remunerative cuts; the variety of produce; the fast rate 

 of growth; the small amount of growing stock required for 

 "" sustained " yields and so on. 



In the course of time, curtailing the cut of standards or 

 allowing the coppice to grow into larger sizes, the forester may 

 gradually convert the coppice-under-standards forest into a seed 

 forest. The average growing stock, per acre, in the seed forest 

 ■contains about tAvice as many cords of wood as the average grow- 

 ing stock in the coppice-under-standards forest. 



On the other hand, by removing all standards, the form of 

 simple sprout "forest is readily obtained. 



in the Oak-coppice-under-Pine-standard forest of Biltmore it 

 lias been observed tliat the Pine poles suffer less from bark beetles 

 than they do in the denser polewoods of the seed forest of Pine. 



Paragraph LXXVII. Coppice under standards 

 by species. 



By culling and firing, every primeval forest of hardwoods 

 ■existing in the United States is converted into coppice under 

 ^standards. Again, many, nay, almost all two-storied high forests 

 in the South having Pine in the overwood and hardwood in the 

 imderwood present the form of coppice under standards in a 

 modified manner. 



The number of constellations of species fit for a place in the 

 overwood and in the underwood is endless. 



A few remarks on characteristic forms must suffice. 



A. Chestnut-coppice under standards of Yellow Poplar, 



"White, Chestnut and Red Oak, Hickory, Ash, Locust, — the Pisgah 

 Torest form. 190 



