Miscellaneous, 429 



terior lip of the buccal opening forms a cushion-like projection, near 

 which on each side there is a chitinous plate, from which two curved 

 chitinous filaments run outwards. From the mouth a single hook 

 can be protruded ; this is situated in the depths of the cavity, and 

 attached to a strong chitinous framework. 



Second stage (the duration of which may be estimated at thirty-six 

 hours). — The two posterior stigmata are on each side enclosed in a 

 chitinous ring. On the second segment, on both sides, a series of 7-8 

 new, small air-holes has been formed ; these stand close together and 

 open into the same main trachea. The number of hooks in the 

 mouth is increased to two ; and these are connected not only with 

 the framework, which has remained essentially unchanged, but also 

 with a transverse chitinous arc, which belongs to the lower lip, and 

 moves up and down in the same way as the lower jaw of a vertebrate 

 animal. From the lateral extremity of this arc there issues, instead 

 of two, a great number of chitinous filaments, which radiate in a 

 fan-like form to the lateral parts of the cephalic segment. Other 

 solid buccal organs are wanting. 



Third stage (uY> to the pupal change). — With three stigmata on 

 each side at the posterior extremity. The margin of the latter has 

 become drawn out into a number of conical processes. In other 

 respects it agrees with the second stage. 



The second and third stages are introduced by a change of skin, 

 which extends to the tracheae in the manner described by me in the 

 Pupipara. — Wiegmann^ s Archiv, 1861, p. 60. 



On the Structure of the Brain in Man and the Apes, and its relation 

 to the Zoological System. By Rudolph Wagner, Professor at 

 Gottingen. 



The following is a short abstract of a paper recently published in 

 Wiegmann's 'Archiv fiir Xaturgeschichte ' (1861, pp.' 63-80). 



The author commences by giving a detailed account of the publi- 

 cations of Owen, Huxley, and Gratiolet relating to the subject. The 

 latter, who has lately compared the brain of Microcephali with those 

 of Apes*, arrives at the conclusion that Man, in his physical organi- 

 zation, differs as absolutely from the highest animals, as in the deve- 

 lopment of his psychical qualities, — a view with which Prof. Wagner 

 entirely agrees. 



The author having had little opportunity of examining fresh cerebra 

 either of extra-European races of ^len or of Apes, has arrived at his 

 opinion less from his own direct observations than from the study of 

 the works of Tiedemann, Leuret, Owen, and Gratiolet. He has, 

 however, obtained casts of the brains of different races of Man, of a 

 microcephalic individual who attained to the age of thirtv-one years, 

 and of several Orangs of different ages, by cutting the skulls in two 

 in the direction of the sutura aagittalis, and by fiUiu"" them with 

 plaster of Paris. 



• Coraptes Readus, 1360, no. 18, and M^m. Soc Anthropol. Paris, i. 1800, p. 64. 



