SPECIALITIES OF THESE RELATIONS. 487 



the race-preserving structures bear to the self -preserving 

 structures in ordinary Phaenogams, is, in these Phaenogams, 

 inverted. A like relation occurs in the common Dodder. 



There may be added a kindred piece of evidence which the 

 Fungi present. Those of them which grow on living plants, 

 repeat the above connection completely; and those of them 

 which, though not parasitic, nevertheless subsist on organized 

 materials previously elaborated by other plants, substantially 

 repeat it. The spore-producing part is relatively enormous; 

 and the fertility is far greater than that of Cryptogams of 

 like sizes, which have to form for themselves the organic 

 compounds of which they and their germs consist. 



§ 358. The same lesson is taught us by animal-parasites. 

 Along with the decreased cost of Individuation, they similarly 

 show us an increased expenditure for Genesis ; and they show 

 us this in the most striking manner where the deviation from 

 ordinary conditions of life is the greatest. 



Take, among the Epizoa, such an instance as Chondracan- 

 thus gibbosus. Belonging to the Entomostraca, both males 

 and females of this species are, in their early days, similar to 

 their allies ; and the males, practically parasitic, though they 

 become greatly degraded, continue throughout life to show 

 by their segmentation and other external traits their original 

 nature. The female, however, having fixed herself where 

 she can suck the juices of her host, the Lophius, grows to 

 twelve times the length of the male and probably a thousand 

 times its bulk, and becomes utterly transformed by loss of 

 the organs of animal life and enormous development of the 

 organs of reproduction. " No heart is discoverable, and the 

 nervous system and organs of sense (if any) are equally un- 

 distinguishable. The interspace between the alimentary 

 canal and the walls of the body is almost wholly occupied 

 by the ovarium." * And then beyond this there are ap- 

 pended ovi-sacs twice the length of the body. So that the 



* Huxley, Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals, p. 274. 



