HEREDITY. 303 



plication of kinds, and the continuance of each kind with 

 certainty by agamogencsis, and to some extent by gamo- 

 genesis, might be exemplified without end. From all 



sides evidence may be gathered showing a like persistence of 

 varieties among animals. We have our distinct breeds of 

 sheep, our distinct breeds of cattle, our distinct breeds of 

 horses: each breed maintaining its characteristics. The 

 many sorts of dogs which, if we accept the physiological 

 test, we must consider as all of one species, show us in a 

 marked manner the hereditary transmission of small differ- 

 ences — each sort, when kept pure, reproducing itself not only 

 in size, form, colour, and quality of hair, but also in disposi- 

 tion and speciality of intelligence. Poultry, too, have their 

 permanently-established races. And the Isle of Man sends 

 us a tail-less kind of cat. Even in the absence of 



other evidence, that which ethnology furnishes would suffice. 

 Grant them to be derived from one stock, and the varieties 

 of man yield proof upon proof that non-specific traits of 

 structure are bequeathed from generation to generation. Or 

 grant only their derivation from several stocks, and we still 

 have, between races descended from a common stock, dis- 

 tinctions which prove the inheritance of minor peculiarities. 

 Besides seeing the Negroes continue to produce Negroes, 

 copper-coloured men to produce men of a copper colour, and 

 the fair-skinned races to perpetuate their fair skins — besides 

 seeing that the broad-faced and flat-nosed Calmuck begets 

 children with broad faces and flat noses, while the Jew 

 bequeaths to his offspring the features which have so long 

 characterized Jews; we see that those small unlikenesses 

 which distinguish more nearly-allied varieties of men, are 

 maintained from generation to generation. In Germany, the 

 ordinary shape of skull is appreciably different from that 

 common in Britain : near akin though the Germans are to 

 the British. The average Italian face continues to be unlike 

 the faces of northern nations. The French character is now, 

 as it was centuries ago, contrasted in sundry respects with 



