VI.] THE INDIEECT METHOD OF INFERENCE. 80 



A = AB (I) 



B = EC. (2) 



By the Law of Duality we have 



A = AB -I- Ah (3) 



A = AC -I- Ac. (4) 



Now, if we insert for A in the second side of (3) its 

 description in (4), we obtain what I shall call the develop- 

 ment of A with respect to B and C, namely 



A = ABC -I- ABc -I- AhC •]■ Ahc. (5) 



^Vhereve^ the letters A or B appear in the second side of 

 (5) substitute their equivalents given in (i) and (2), and 

 the results stated at i'ull leniith are 



A = ABC -I- ABCc -I- ABbC -I- ABhCc. 

 The last three alternatives break the Law of Contradiction, 

 so that 



A = ABC I- o -I- o -I- o = ABC. 

 This conclusion is, indeed, no more than we could obtain 

 by the direct process of substitution, that is by substituting 

 for B in (1), its description in (2) as in p. 55 ; it is the 

 characteristic of the Lidirect process that it gives all 

 possible logical conclusions, both those which we have 

 previously obtained, and an immense number of others or 

 which the ancient logic took little or no account. From 

 the same premises, for instance, we can obtain a description 

 of the class not-element or c. By the Law of Duality we can 

 develop c into four alternatives, thus 



c = ABc -I- Ahc -I- aBc -j- ahc. 

 If we substitute for A and B as before, we get 

 c = ABCc -I- AV,hc -I- aBCc •!• ahc, 

 and, striking out the terms which bieak the Law of 

 Contradiction, there remains 



c = ahc, 

 or what is not element is also not iron and not metal. 

 This Indirect Method of Inference thus furnishes a 

 complete solution of the following problem — Given any 

 number of logical premises or conditions, required, the 

 description of any class of ohjects, or of any term, as 

 governed hy those conditions. 



The steps of the process of inference may thus be 

 concisely stated — 



I. By the Law of Duality develop tlie utmost number 

 of alternatives which may exist in the description of the 



