CHAP. VI.] ANALYSIS OF ' INSTINCT AND REASON.' 53 



mind is dependent upon the brain and nervous system, he passes 

 on to consider the Organs of Sensation in man and in animals. 

 Then pleasure and pain are fully described ; pain being proved 

 by abundant illustrations to be absolutely necessary to our 

 welfare, and its absence impossible in a material world. The 

 fourth chapter is devoted to Memory in Man and Animals. 

 Without memory all that ennobles man is destroyed, and he is 

 lowered almost to the condition of a plant. Eeason in Man and, 

 Animals is then exemplified. Up to this part of the treatise, it 

 has been shown that man, in respect to the powers of mind which 

 he possesses, is similar to animals ; and yet we know that man 

 far exceeds all living creatures in the faculties of the mind. If 

 mankind possessed no further faculties than what have been 

 already enumerated, he would be no whit better than the beast ; 

 therefore, in the chapter following that on Keason, those other 

 faculties which entitle man to hold the first place in the scale of 

 Creation are considered, and so the greatest works of man are 

 here set forth as illustrations to prove his superiority over the 

 brute beast. Passing from the operations of man, he next treats 

 of Instinct. Accordingly, the works of animals, birds, and other 

 creatures occupy the greater part of the seventh chapter. Instinct 

 is also shown to exist in childhood. This chapter is particularly 

 interesting to those possessed of the taste for natural history. 

 Beautiful coloured plates illustrating the various and curious 

 specimens of bird-nests, wasp-nests, spider-webs, ant-nests, bee- 

 hives, and nests of other creatures, form a valuable adjunct to 

 this chapter. Then he proceeds to define Intuitive Ideas, and 

 shows their influence on mankind. Thence he proceeds to show 

 that man has the faculty of expressing his ideas by sounds or 

 marks. From words and language he proceeds to compare the 

 works of man with the works of Nature, and shows that there is 

 a limitation of the works of man. He then passes on to the 

 Theory of Instinct and Eeason, devotes a chapter to Keason and 

 Faith, and another to Perverted Keason. Then he gives a 

 chapter to the various Families of Man, and shows that even the 

 savages and the lowest types of man possess faculties which give 

 to him a superiority over all animals. A great gulf divides the 

 mental powers of the lowest type of man from that of animals, 

 which can never, he declares, be bridged over. The natural 

 Classification of Mankind ends this highly original and interesting 

 work on Instinct and Keason. Jhe illustrations to this book are 

 very beautiful : it has ten large coloured plates, and is, besides, 



