DISTILLATION OF STUMPWOOD. 41 



an alkaline reaction. This solution possesses germicidal properties, 

 the undiluted material having a phenol coefficient of 0.5. When the 

 alkali residuum is decomposed by the addition of acid in excess, a 

 heavy oil separates, about 75 per cent of which distils over between 

 180 and 340 C. Most of this distils between 200 and 300 C. The 

 higher-boiling portion has the general appearance and odor of rosin 

 oil. When the alkali residuum is distilled without previous treat- 

 ment with acid, about 3 per cent of its volume is recovered as pine 

 oil, along with 30 per cent of water, after which the residue remain- 

 ing in the flask solidifies to a hard, soaplike mass soluble in water, 

 forming a colloidal solution similar to that from the original alkali 

 residuum. 



CALCULATION OF YIELDS OF REFINED TURPENTINE AND 



PINE OIL. 



A composite sample of the refined second-grade turpentine when 

 dry distilled through a fractionating column yielded 83 per cent of 

 turpentine distilling between 170 and 185 C., having a density of 

 0.8622 and a refractive index of 1.4736. The residue from this dis- 

 tillation was a true pine oil, the density of which was 0.9423, with 

 a refractive index of 1.4937. A composite sample of the pine-oil 

 fractions obtained in refining first and second crude turpentines, dis- 

 tilled in a like manner, gave 40 per cent of turpentine distilling be- 

 tween 175 and 185 C., the density and refractive index of which were 

 0.8655 and 1.4755, respectively. . The residuum was also true pine 

 oil similar to that remaining from the distillation of the second- 

 quality turpentine. 



The properties of the turpentine fractions thus obtained from the 

 refined second turpentine and the pine-oil fractions do not differ 

 markedly from those of the refined first turpentine. Moreover, the 

 volume being but small compared to that of the refined first turpen- 

 tine, it is believed that these may be combined without materially 

 lowering the quality of the product. The total merchantable tur- 

 pentine, therefore, will be figured on the basis of the first refined 

 turpentine plus 83 per cent of the corresponding second refined tur- 

 pentine and 40 per cent of the pine-oil fraction, respectively. The 

 sum of the three is entered in the " merchantable turpentine " column 

 of Table 14. 



On the same basis, the volume of true pine oil will be 17 per cent 

 of the refined second turpentine plus 60 per cent of the pine-oil 

 fractions obtained in refining the crude turpentines. The yield of 

 pine oil given in the " merchantable pine oil " column of Table 14 

 is thus obtained. The sum of the refined first and second turpentine 

 and pine-oil fraction is not equal to the sum of the first and second 

 crude turpentine. The portion thus unaccounted for is retained dur- 



