THE MIND OF APES AND OF MAN 273 



for this difference. Apes laugh under the same circum- 

 stances as do men, but with less production of sound 

 than is the case with man and the hyena. Man was, 

 far back in his monkey-days, a social and companion- 

 loving animal, and the fact that his laughing and his 

 weeping are accompanied by noise is due to the desire 

 for attention and sympathy from his friends. A great 

 difference between man and apes is the greater power 

 of expression of various feelings or emotions by the 

 face, and also the greater variety and significance in man 

 of the gestures both of the upper and the lower limbs. 

 These again are methods of seeking for and gaining 

 sympathy and co-operation. Though not all men and 

 not all races in an equal degree have mobility and 

 constantly varying expression in the face, yet it is the 

 fact that the man-like apes which have been studied in 

 life (the chimpanzee and orang) have even less variety 

 and range of expression than the most unintelligent 

 savages. Man seems to have developed in an ever- 

 increasing degree the habit of watching and interpreting 

 the face and of giving by it expression to his emotions 

 and states of mind, thus establishing a ready means of 

 producing common feeling and interest in a group of 

 associated individuals. This seems to have led to a 

 special appreciation of the features of the face, and so 

 to the exercise of sexual selection, resulting in what 

 we call " a standard of beauty " in regard to both shape 

 and expression. It is quite possible that the reduction 

 of the threatening canine teeth and projecting jaw may 

 have been furthered by sexual selection when once a bite 

 had become less effective than a blow with a sharp flint, 

 and when persuasive sounds and gestures gained more 

 adherents than the display of tusks by a snarl. 



What I have written in this and the preceding 

 iS 



