ANIMAL EATIOCINATION 29 



Lastly, Mr. Tollemache is, I think, right to criticize 

 Romanes' theory of " certain forms of instinct " as derived 

 from " lapsed intelligence." Instinct and intelligence are 

 different forms of self-expression. 



Your interesting article on the reasoning powers of 

 animals in your issue of June 5 might be carried further in 

 the direction of establishing the logical ability of a dog than 

 the writer seems prepared to go. If the statement of the 

 problem that was presented to the mind of the terrier re- 

 ferred to is correct, several syllogisms are suggested, and 

 the reasoning is as good as much of that which we human 

 beings employ every day of our lives. Permit me to throw 

 some of these sentences into syllogistic form, which I think 

 are clearly involved in the analysis : 



(1) No old and fat dog can catch rabbits in the open. (E) 

 I am an old and fat dog. (A) 

 .*. I cannot catch rabbits in the open. (E) 



(2) A dog that is not seen is a dog that may catch 



rabbits. (A) 



I will be a dog that is not seen. (A) 



.*. I will be a dog that may catch rabbits. (A) 



Several others of like character might be given. 



We cannot suppose that dogs have no powers of 

 generalization, although it seems unlikely that they are 

 capable of forming abstract ideas. At any rate, they 

 possess sufficient intellectual power to frame a simple pro- 

 position, as in the judgment " Here are rabbits," which is 

 the first step towards reasoning proper, although we cannot 

 credit them with the Degree of self-consciousness that 

 would enable them to reflect, " These are my sentiments." 



From my observation of dogs and cats I am led to con- 



