VEGETATION OF THE NORTHERN SHORES. 183 



on its northern borders, where we find so great a variety of 

 species belonging to the genera, Celastrus, Crataegus, Ribes, 

 Cornus, Hamamelis, Vaccinium, Kalmia, Rhodora, Azalea, Rho- 

 dodendrum, Andromeda, Clethra, Viburnum, Cephalanthus, Prinos, 

 Dirca, Celtis, &c. I shall only add, that in the latitude under 

 which the St. Lawrence winds its course from the great Canadian 

 lakes, and takes a more independent course north-eastwards, we 

 perceive already great changes in the growth of trees. About Niag- 

 ara, or rather somewhat farther north along the northern shores of 

 Lake Ontario, and the hills which rise above Toronto, the following 

 species begin to disappear : Sassafras officinale, (I have not seen this 

 species north of Table Rock,) Juglans nigra and cinerea, Carya alba 

 and amara, Castanea americana, Quercus alba and Castanea, Pla- 

 tanus occidentalis, TiUa americana, (this species occurs, however, 

 as far north as Sturgeon Bay, on Lake Huron,) Rubus odoratus. 

 Though the Beech is extensively distributed among the forests of this 

 zone, we cannot but be struck with their splendid growth further north, 

 where the Elm, Red Oak, Hornbeam, Hop-hornbeam, several species 

 of Birches, various Maples, Ashes, Wild Cherries, &c., &c., more 

 or less mixed with Coniferse, form the most beautiful forests of the 

 temperate zone, particularly remarkable for their diversified shades 

 of green and dark foliage, and which almost uniformly cover the 

 ground along the shores of the Great Lakes as far as Lake Superior, 

 the Coniferse gradually coming in in a larger proportion to the suc- 

 cessive exclusion of the trees with deciduous leaves. As soon as we 

 reach Mackinaw we find the Beech has almost entirely disappeared, 

 or become so dwarfish as no longer to be a handsome tree, while 

 Ostrya, Carpinus, Betula populifoUa, Quercus rubra, and indeed all 

 Cupuliferae are entirely gone, and the Canoe-Birch, the Black Ash, 

 with Pinus balsamifera, alba, nigra, Larix americana, Pinus Strobus, 

 Sorbus americana, and some Poplars on the lake shore, form the mass 

 of forests, with a few low shrubs among them, such as Arctostaphylos 

 Uva-ursi, Vaccinium, Chiogenes, &c. This zone, which corresponds 

 to the horizon of Pines in the Jura, extends all along the northern 

 shores of Lake Superior. North of Fort William are extensive 

 forests of Pinus Banksiana, with Pinus resinosa and Strobus. We 

 noticed no Cupuliferae beyond Batcheewauaung Bay, and we learnt 



