THE USES OF WOOD. 219 



sive variety of channels of usefulness, included under 

 the heads of general building, construction, and wood 

 working. 



In Carpentry, rough material is used in framework, 

 as sills, studding, plates, joists, rafters; in sheathing, 

 roofing, shingles, laths; while finished lumber is put into 

 siding, floors, doors, window frames, and sash, blinds, 

 stairways, stationary furniture, and fixtures, columns, 

 mouldings, turned and carved work (solid and veneer). 

 All kinds of wood are used for this work, according to 

 the purpose and the taste of the builder, but Pine in 

 larger quantities than any other, on account of its cheap- 

 ness, ease of working, and general utility. 



For Railways, wharves, piers, bridges, piling, etc., 

 heavy material is used; that is, large pieces. For rail- 

 road ties, bridges, pavements, and culverts all kinds of 

 wood may be used, but those best adapted to withstand 

 the usage of the position are most desired. 



In Shipbuilding, ribs, rib frames, keels, and outside 

 planking, take Oak or other hard wood, with trenails of 

 Locust; while for outside planking Pine is used, and inte- 

 riors and decks are finished to taste and usage with any wood. 



In Joinery, which includes furniture making, cabinet 

 and box work, packing cases, and crates, all kinds of wood 

 are utilized. 



In the Making of Cars, wagons, and carriages the frame- 

 work is usually of Oak and Ash, with covering of Pine 

 and fancy woods, while the running gear takes Hickory. 

 Oak, Elm, Ash, Locust — butt cuts being especially valu- 

 able. 



In Cooperage, barrels, casks, tubs, kegs, pails, churns, 

 and tanks (staves, heads, and hoops) are made of every 

 description of wood, but for vessels designed to hold 

 the finer grades of wet goods, as liquors and wines, White 

 Oak only is desired. 



