220 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY. 



In the Manufacture of Farm and Household Machinery 



and implements, mostly hard woods of tough, durable 

 qualities, as Oak, Ash, Hickory, and Elm, are in demand. 

 For woodenware (turned, carved^ and split-ware goods), 

 again, all kinds of wood find a place. For baskets and 

 wickerware. Willows and other pliable growths are used, 

 while sounding boards of pianos and organs are almost 

 always of spruce. In machine building, cogs, gears, and 

 pulleys are often made of hard wood, while frames of a 

 stationary nature are of Pine. 



Timber for Mining Purposes is in great demand in 

 all mining regions, and enormous quantities of it are 

 required, so that the mines are among the largest con- 

 sumers. In this state some of the deep mines use as 

 much as eighty miles of log timber per year, besides lag- 

 ging. In mining, usually, the wood of the district is 

 used for props, lagging, etc. The same may be said of 

 fencing — the most convenient wood is taken. 



Telegraph Poles require sticks that are free from large 

 knots, and which are durable in contact with the ground. 

 Cedar is much used for this purpose. Flagstaflfs and 

 masts call for long, slender, yet resistant, material. 



In Lumbering, a considerable quantity of timber is used 

 in roads, skidways, booms, piling, etc., and a nuich larger 

 quantity of the skidway and roadway material than is 

 necessary is left to rot on the ground after a season's 

 work is ended. 



Wood Pulp and Distillation Products. One of the 

 most important industries connected with forests is their 

 use for paper pulp. For this purpose all kinds of wood 

 may be used, but, on account of its superior quality and 

 the ease of working, little is used in this country at present 

 besides Spruce. Many experiments have been made with 

 Poplar, and it also is used to some extent, but Spruce is 

 very much preferred on account of its better fibre. Papor 



