98 THE FORESTS OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE 



country owing to the scanty population and to the 

 absence of industries requiring wood. This area is 

 exclutively an exporting one. 

 The chief Russian forestry exports are : 



(a) Logs, poles, faggots, fascines. 



(b) Squared timbers, posts, manufactured wood. 



(c) Planks, laths, shingles. 



(d) Pitch and tar from conifers and the birch, oil of 

 turpentine, turpentine. 



(e) Walnut wood, palm tree wood, and oak bark. 

 These may be divided into five classes of exports : 



(i) Raw materials. 



(2) Dressed materials. 



(3) Wrought or worked up (planed) materials. 



(4) Products of dry distillation of wood. 



(5) Products of wood. 



The chief countries to which Russia exports forestry 

 materials are Great Britain, Germany, Holland, and 

 France. The first two take over one-fourth of her 

 total exports. In recent years her imports to Germany 

 have increased rapidly, the increase being greater in 

 proportion than the increase to Great Britain. In 

 Great Britain Russia finds as rivals in the timber 

 markets Norway, Sweden, Canada, and the United 

 States of America. In Germany her rivals are Austria, 

 Sweden, and North America. Next to Great Britain 

 and Germany, Holland occupies the third place as a 

 buyer of wood from Russia, Sweden being a competitor. 

 Lastly comes France — Russia's competitors in this 

 market being Sweden and North America with Austria, 

 who sends her oak. 



A large proportion of the wood is exported by sea 



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