OF BRITISH BIRDS pi 



many migratory birds object to cross. The autumnal stream of 

 birds seeking milder winter quarters divides, half the species 

 migrating westwards to winter in the basins of the Caspian and 

 Mediterranean seas, if they do not wander as far as Africa, and 

 the other half migrating eastwards to winter in Japan, China, 

 and the islands of the Malay Archipelago, if they do not wander 

 as far as Australia. Birds breeding in the valley of the Yenesei 

 migrate westwards in autumn, whilst those breeding in the valley 

 of the Lena migrate eastwards. Of the twenty-five species whose 

 breeding range extends to longitude 110, that of three maybe 

 regarded as arctic : 



Fuliyula nigra. 

 Archibuteo lagopus. 

 Tringa minuta. 



The following ten species are subarctic as well as arctic : 



Tetrao urogallus. 

 Phylloscopus trochilus. 

 Motacilla alba. 

 Fuligula fusca. 

 Turdus pilaris. 

 Charadrius plumalis. 

 Acrocephalus phragmitis. 

 Euticilla phcenicurus. 

 Charadrius hiaticula. 

 Scolopax major. 



The breeding range of the following five species may be 

 regarded as subarctic: 



Anthus arboreus. 

 Circus cineraceus. 

 Sturnus mdgaris. 

 Turdus viscivorus. 

 Turdus musicus. 



The following six species breed in subarctic and subtropic 

 climates : 



Muscieapa grisola. 

 Falco vespertinus. 



