94 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



Nine species may be regarded as exclusively subarctic in their 

 breeding ranges : 



Columba palumbus. 

 Fringilla chloris. 

 Fringilla ccdebs. 

 Muscicapa atricapilla. 

 Accentor alpinus. 

 Corvus frugilegus. 

 Alauda arborea. 

 Motacilla raii. 

 Pratincola riibetra. 



The breeding range of seventeen species is not only subarctic, 

 but also subtropic : 



Buteo vulgaris. 

 Milvus ater. 

 Scops scops. 

 Gecinus viridis. 

 Caprimulgus europceus. 

 Eriihacus rubecula. 

 Fringilla cannabina. 

 Sylvia atricapilla. 

 Ruticilla tithys. 

 Locustella luscinioides. 

 Acrocephalus turdoidcs. 

 Alauda cr is tat a. 

 Lanius rufus. 

 Turtur auritus. 

 Columba cenas. 

 Botaurus minutus. 

 Sterna minuta. 



The breeding range of thirteen species may be regarded as 

 exclusively subtropic : 



Saxicola deserti. 

 Saxicola stapazina. 

 Sylvia orpheus. 

 Sylvia galactodes. 

 .Alauda Iracliydactyla. 

 Eniberiza melanocephala. 



