356 



H1STOIU OF FISHES. 



and consequently the most valuable. The li- 

 torales are more frequent, and such as are of 

 the same kind with the pelagii are not so beau- 

 tiful. As they are often empty and forsaken, 



rw, f. 81. Matra Stuttorum y f. 1. Lutraria compressa, 

 f. '-. 



SECTION IV. CRASSIPEDKS. 

 Posterior margin gaping. 



FAMILY I. MYARIA. 



Anatina convexa, pi. 33. fig. 3. Mya arenaria, f. 4. 

 *Galeomrna Turtoni, f. 5. *Magdala striata, f. 6. *My- 

 atella striata, f. 7. *CreneUa elliptica, f. 8. *Spenia Bing- 

 hami, f. 9. 



FAMILY II. SOLENIDES. 



Glycimeris Siliqua, pi. 33. fig. 10. Panopea Aldrovandi, 

 f.U.Solen Vaffina,f.l2. 



FAMILY III. PHOLADARIA. 



Gastrochcena modiolina, pi. 33. fig. 13. PJialas dactylus, 

 f. 14. 



FAMILY IV. TUBICOLA. 



Teredo navalis, pi. 33. fig. 15; 16, side valve ; 17, one 

 of the bivalves ; 18, section of interior part of the tube. 

 Teredina personata, f. 19. Septaria arenaria, f. 20. Fis- 

 tulana clava, f. 21. Fig. 22. a side valve. Clavaqella 

 aperta, f. 23. Fig. 24 a face valve. Aspergillum Java- 

 num, f. 25. 



CLASS III. CIRRIPEDA. 



Animals soft, destitute of head or eyes, covered with 

 an adhering shell. 



ORDER. I. PEDUNCULATA. 



Body supported on a tubular peduncle. 



Otion Cuvieri, pi. 33. fig. 26. Cineras vittata, f. 27. 

 Potticipes mitella, f. 28. *Scalpellum vulaare, f. 29. Ana- 

 Ufa vitrea, f. 30. 



ORDER II. SESSILIA. 



Body inclosed in a multivalve shell which is seated 

 on rocks or marine bodies ; mouth and tentacula hi the 

 opening of the shell ; operculated. 



Pyrgoma crenata, pi. 33. fig. 31. Creusia verruca, f. 

 32. Acasta Montagui, f. 33. *Adna Anglica, f. 34. Ba- 

 lanus Cranchii, f. 36. Coronula testudinaria, f. 37. Tu- 

 bicinilla balcenarum, f. 38. 



DIVISION III. ARTICULATA. 



CLASS V. ANNELIDES. 



Elongated, soft, consisting of segments; having red 

 blood. 



ORDER I. SEDENTAREJS. 



Animals placed in a testaceous tube, in which they 

 ever live; brancliiae at one extremity of the body. 



FAMILY I. SERPULACEA. 



Magilus antiquus, pi. 33. fig 39. Cktkolaria recumlens, 

 f. 40. Vermdia tnquetra, f. 41. Serpula tubularia, f. 42. 

 bpirorbts spirillum, f. 43. 



FAMILY II. AMPHITRIT.EA. 



Amphitrite venttiubrum, pi. 33. fig. 44. Terelella con- 

 ehuega, f 45. Sabellana craasissima, f. 46. Pectmaria 

 Belguxt, f. 47. 



FAMILY III. MALDANI.E. 



Dentalium entalis, pi. 33. fig. 48. Brochus reticulatus f 

 49. Cornuoides minor, f. 50. Clymene. 



FAMILY IV. DORSALI*. 



SiHquaria anguina, pi. 33. fig. 51. Arnicola. Desti- 

 tute of shell. 



and as their animal is dead, and, perhaps, piu 

 trid in the bottom of the shell, they, by this 

 means, lose the whiteness and the brilliancy 

 of their colouring. They are not, unfrequently 



EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 



OF THE OPERCULA OF UNIVALVE SHELLS. 



The opening, or aperture of many univalve shells, is 

 covered, when the animal is withdrawn within, by an 

 operculum or lid, intended for the protection of the in- 

 habitant. This is attached to the foot of the animal, 

 and is either of a horny substance, or is testaceous, be- 

 ing as hard as the shell itself. This appendage will be 

 familiar to all who have seen the common periwinkle, 

 which is abundant on most rocky shores. Its texture 

 is of a horny nature. 



Operculum of Nerita Undulata, pi. 33. fig. 52. Pha- 

 sianella Bulimoides, 53. Trochus Pharaouis, 54. Me- 

 lania Byronensis, 55. Neritia fluviatilis. 56. Panlu- 

 dina achatina, 57. Turbo Pica, 58. Neritoides littora,- 

 lis, 59. Murex Brandaris, 60. Buccinum undatum, 

 61. Strombus Auris-Dianae, 62. Trochus littoralis, 63. 



Animal of the Manodonta Pica. 64. a, thetentacula, or 

 feelers; b, the trunk ; cc, the pedicles, with the eyes at 

 their tips.; dd, the branchite or gills; ee, mantle ;/, foot; 

 g, the operculum; h, the tail, or that extremity of the 

 animal which occupies the volutions at the tip of the 

 shell. 



The following are the shells figured, explanatory of 

 the different parts: Fig. 65, Fusus antiquus; 66, Voluta 

 vespertilio; 67, A'lusus natura- of Helix Pomatia; 68, 

 Spirula Peronii; 69, Cassis ariola; 70, Cyprsea exanthe- 

 ma; 71, Clausilia ventricosa; 72, Planorbis Planata; 73, 

 Crepidula aculeata; 74, Fusus discrepans; 75, Doliuin 

 galea ; 76, Turitella terebra ; 76,* Helix Umbilicata ; 

 77, Cytherea Chione ; 78, Hinge of Lutraria elliptica ; 

 79, Solen truncatus ; 80. Cardium elongatum ; 81, Spon- 

 dylus gsederopus ; 82, Anomia squamula ; 83, Cardium 

 edule ; 84, Venus Cassma ; 85, Pecten obsoletus ; 86, 

 Pho^as candidus ; 87, Anatifa striata ; 88, Balanus coin- 

 munis ; 89, Operculum of Balanus Cranchii ; 90, Chiton 

 cinereus. 



Apex, is the summit or tip of the spire, pi. 33. fig. 65 



-a. 



Base, the opposite extremity to the apex, pi. 33. fig. 

 65 b. In simple univalves, such as the patellae, it is the 

 margin of the aperture, the tip of the vertex being the 

 apex. Example of the base in a depressed shell, pi. 33. 

 fig. 726. 



Body. The lower volution of the shell in which the 

 aperture is placed, pi. 33 fig. 65 m, m, m. 



Front, is the place where the aperture is situated. 



Back, the opposite of the front, opposed to that in 

 which the aperture is situated. 



Venter, the most bulging part of the front, pi. 33. fig. 

 65 c. 



Sides, the extreme edges of the shell, pi. 33. fig. 65 

 dd. Right is the opposite to that in which the aper- 

 ture is situated. 



Aperture, the mouth or opening -g. 



Beak, the elongated process at the base of many ge- 

 nera of univalves, pi. 33. fig. 65. t, f. 75 c. 



Canal, the inside of the beak, pi. 33. fig. 65. ft, 75 b. 



Pillar or columella, is that process which runs through 

 the spire, for the support of the volutions, f. 76 a, a. 



Platted columella, is when there are folds at the base 

 of the pillar lip, f. 66 a. 



Pillar lip, a continuation of the enamelled process 

 which lines the inside of the shell, and is reflected on 

 the base of the pillar : this also is termed the inner lip, 

 pi. 33. fig. 65 k. 



Outer lip, the expansion of the body of the shell or 

 outer edge of the aperture, pi. 33. fig. 651. 



Spire, is the whole volutions of the shell but the lower 

 one, pi. 33. fig. 65 e, e, e. The remaining or lower 

 one is the body, as above noticed. 



Crowned or coronated spire, f. 66 b, b, b. 



WJtorl, is one of the volutions, or turnings of the spire, 



Depressed spire, is when the spire is partly flattened. 

 or entirely so, as exemplified in the shells of the genus 

 planorbis. nl. 33. fiz. 72 o. 



