566 



HISTORY OF ZOOPHYTES. 



parts of an inch long, and when gathered up 

 into their usual form, not above a third even 

 of those dimensions. 



It was upon these minute animals that the 



sometimes irregular, and at others regular: the interior 

 walls, being simple, longitudinally striated, or lamel- 

 latcd, and stelliform. 



SECTION I. 



The polypiferous masses composed of two distinct 

 parts; the first consisting of numerous horny fibres, 

 either in fasciculi, radiated, interlaced, crossed, or fitted 

 together; the second is composed of a fleshy or gelatin- 

 ous pulp ; covering, enveloping, or attaching the fibres, 

 containing the polypi, and assuming in drying a consist- 

 ence more or less firm. Alcyoniumfforgcmoules,p].bO,f. 9. 

 The polypiferous masses polymorphous, soft, or fleshy, 

 when recent, but somewhat coriaceous and firm when 

 dried. Geodia; the polypiferous mass free, fleshy, tuber- 

 ous, hollow interiorly. Tethia ; with a knotty subglobu- 

 lar polypiferous mass, the interior with numerous, fasci- 

 culated fibres. Sponyia tubulosa, pi. 30, f. 5. Polypiferous 

 mass soft, gelatinous, very flexible, and fixed; the car- 

 tilaginous matter supported by calcareous or siliceous 

 spicula; pores excessively numerous and irregular. The 

 spicula are represented 'at figs. 71 and 72. It will be 

 seen by the Spongia coalita, f. 70, that there are two kinds 

 of orifices; the Lirger having a rounded shape_, provided 

 generally with raised margins, which form projecting pa- 

 pillre, the smaller being much more numerous, exceed- 

 ingly minute, and constituting what are termed the pores 

 of the sponge. Flabcllaria pavonia, pi. 30, f. 17. The 

 polypiferous mass caulescent, fan-shaped, incrusted, and 

 frequently divided. Inhabits the seas of America. Fin- 

 crassata, pi. 30, f. 2. Penicillus capitatus, pi. 30, f. 18. 

 Polypiferous mass, supported on a simple, exteriorly 

 incrusted stalk, filled interiorly with many horny fasci- 

 culated fibres, and divided at its summit into a cluster 

 of filiform, dichotomous, articulated branches. Fig. 19 

 shows the articulations magnified. 



SECTION II. 



The polypiferous masses branched like plants, and 

 composed of two kinds of substance, namely, a central 

 solid axis, and a fleshy incrustation, which invests and 

 contains the polypi; axis inorganic, corneous, or stony; 

 when dried the polypiferous crust is porous, cellula'r, 

 and friable. Corallina coriiiculata, pi. 30, f. 1 1 . Polypi- 

 ferous mass adherent, greatly branched. Inhabit the 

 American and European seas. Fig. 4 is a magnified 

 view of some branches. Gorgonia verriculata, pi. 30. f. 

 8. Polypiferous mass branched and adherent. Indian 

 seas. Antipatltes spiralis, pi. 30, f. 20. Polypiferous 

 mass adherent and branched. Indian ocean. " his Mp- 

 puris. pi. 30, f. 21. Polypiferous mass arborescent, and 

 fixed. Indian ocean. Mtlitten ; adherent, tree-shaped, 

 having a jointed knotty axis. Corallium rulrum, pi. 30, 

 F._ 6. Adherent, branched, stiff, and devoid of articula- 

 tion. Fig. 7 represents one of the polypi greatly mag- 

 nified. Indian ocean. 



SECTION III. 



With stony polypiferous masses, having star-sliaped, 

 or waved laminar furrows. 



1. WITH LATERAL STARS, OR SPREAD OVER THE SURFACE. 



Oculina prolifera, pi. 30, f. 22. Polypiferous mass of a 

 stony consistence. Northern ocean. Seriatupora suldut<i 

 pi. 30, f. 23. Adherent, stony, with slender, subcylindri- 

 cal branches. Madreporafun(jitus,p\. 30, f. 24. Adherent 

 subdendroidal, branching. West Indian seas. Pocillopora; 

 adherent, branched, lobed, and stony. Potvtes davaria 

 pi. 30, f. 2.5. Adherent, stony, branched, or lobed and 

 obtuse, with a stclliferous surface. American and In- 

 dian ocean. Fig. 26, this species greatly magnified. 

 Asirea radwta, pi. 30, f. 27. Adherent, incrusting marine 

 substances, or forming a hemispherical or globular mass. 

 American seas. Astoria denticulata, pi. 30, f. 26. Ex- 



power of dissection was first tried in multiply- 

 ing their numbers. They had been long con- 

 sidered as little worthy the attention of obser- 

 vers, and were consigned to that neglect in 



planaria mesenterina, pi. 30, f. 28. Adherent, stony, ex- 

 hibiting a free, foliaceous membrane. Indian ocean. 

 Echinoptera; adherent, stony, depressed, and extended 

 into a free membrane. Montimlaria ; adherent, stony, 

 incrusting marine substances. Meandrina labyrintMca, 

 pi. 30, f. 29. Adherent, stony, forming a simple, con- 

 vex, or hemispherical mass. American ocean. A;iuri- 

 cia ampliata, pi. 30. f. 30. Adherent, stony, with de- 

 pressed foliaceous expansions. Indian ocean. Pavonia 

 ((f/ni-icites, pi. 30, f. 31. Adherent, stony, frondescent, 

 with depressed subfoliaceous lobes. American seas. 



2. STARS TERMINAL. 



Fungia afjariciformis ; free, stony, simple, orbicu- 

 lar, or oblong, convex and lamellar above. Indian 

 seas. Cydolites; free, stony, elliptical or orbicular, 

 convex and lamellar above, with a hollow centre, de- 

 pressed below. TuMnoHa; free, simple, turbinated, or 

 wedge-shaped, and acute at the base. Caryophyllia 

 cyatkus, pi. 30, f. 33. Mass free, stony, simple, or 

 branched. Mediterranean. Fig. 67, C. Smithii. Ffg. 

 68, animal fully expanded. Sartinula; free, stony, con- 

 sisting of a simple, polypiferous, and thick mass. Sty- 

 Una; mass stony, simple, exteriorly rough ; tubes nu- 

 merous. 



SECTION IV. 



With a stony polypiferous, solid, and interiorly com- 

 pact mass: cells perforated, or tubular, and destitute of 

 laminae. Tulipora mum'ca, pi. 30, f. 34. Stony, com- 

 posed of cylindrical tubes, which are straight, "and in- 

 dividually separate. Indian seas. Fig. Gti is a mag- 

 nified portion of the tubes. Catenipora; stony, com- 

 posed of parallel tubes, inserted in the thickness of 

 vertical plates, anastomosed like net-work. Favorites; 

 stony, simple, variable in form, composed of parallel 

 prismatic tubes. Millepora calcarea, pi. 30, f. 35. Stony, 

 interiorly solid, polymorphous, branched, or fronde- 

 scent. European seas. DistichojMra ; adherent, solid, 

 stony, with slightly compressed branches. Orbulittn; 

 free, stony, orbicular, depressed, or slightly concave. 

 Lunulites; free, stony,orbicular, depressed. Orulites; free, 

 stony, egg-shaped, or cylindrical ; known only in a fossil 

 state. 



SECTION V. 



Polypifurous masses of a substony consistence, witli 

 frondescent or crustaceous expansions ; cells small, short, 

 sometimes in a regular series, at other times irregular, 

 and usually disposed at the surface of the expansions 

 of marine substances. Dacti/lojwra ; free, stony, cylin- 

 drical, obtuse at one extremity, contracted and' perfor- 

 ate at the other. Ocellaria; stony, depressed as a mem- 

 brane, variously twisted, somewhat funnel-shaped. 

 Alveolites; stony, either forming incrustations, or a free 

 mass disposed in numerous concentric layers^ covering 

 one another. Retepora cellulosa, pi. 30, f. 36. Stony, 

 interiorly porous, with thin depressed expansions. 

 Adeona; nearly stony, caulescent, or fan-shaped. Es- 

 chara foliacea, pi. 30, f. 37. Nearly stony, but not flexi- 

 ble. Cellepora pumicosa, pi. 30, f. 3fJ. Nearly stony, 

 interiorly porous, spreading in a raised, foliaceous crust. 

 Fig. 39 is a magnified view of this mass of polypi. 

 European seas. Dincopora ; subcrustaccous, depressed, 

 extended in an undulated, discoid, stony plate, with 

 the upper surface cellular. Ttdmlipora transversa, pi. 

 30, f. 40. Consisting of a parasitical or incrusting mass, 



lil- _! 1 _ 11 JJ _ 1 . i , 



crust is composed. Mediterranean, flui-tra foliucca, 

 pi. 30, f. 12. Flexible, submembranous, stony and fron- 

 descent, or consisting of a thin crust, formed of contigu- 

 ous cells. Fig. 1 is a magnified view of the cells. 

 European seas. Flustra carbasea, pi. 30, f. 61, is the 



