INDEX. 



659 



on shore, ib ., 356 ; fresh water, 358 ; living land shells, 

 ib. ; fossil shells, their variety and condition, ib. ; see 

 also, i. 22, n. ; all the spoil of some animal, ib. ; his- 

 torians of this class of nature, ib., 359 ; uses and value 

 of shells, 358, . See Conchology. 



Shell-fish, claims to be considered as fish, ii. 3'26; the 

 two tribes of, ib.; cmstaceous, characterised, ib.; 

 testaceous, 347. 



Shepherd's dog, described, i. 388 ; patience and faithful- 

 ness of the, ib.; hardiness, ib. 



Sltores, often a defence against the sea, i. 96 ; different 

 appearances of, ib., 97. 



Short- siyhtednets, i. 194. See Vision. 



Shoveller, ii. 1 85 1 87. See SpoanlnU. 



Shrew-inole, account of the, i. 461, n. 



Shrikes. See Buicher-bird. 



Shrimp tri/je, the food of the whale, ii. 253; process of 

 casting its shell, 328, .; shrimps described, 331, . 



Siamang, a long-armed ape, i. 498, n. 



Silk, historical account of, ii. 507, . 



Silk-worm, ignorance of the ancients with respect to the, 

 ii. 507; when first brought into Europe, 5U8; the des- 

 cribed, ib. and n.; the two methods of breeding the, 

 509; in the warm climates of the East, 510; in Europe, 

 ib. ; form, &c. of the apartment in which it is bred, 

 ib. ; provision of leaves, ib. ; air, ib. ; progress of the 

 worm; ib. ; its formation of the silk-cone, 511; the 

 thread described, ib.; its change into the winged 

 state, ib.; male and female, ib.; eggs, ib.; method of 

 unwinding the thread, ib. 



Simoom, described, i. 10, n., 126. 



Singing-birds, their notes described, ii. 137; American, 

 146. 



Sirli, a species of lark, ii. 151, n. 



Sirocco wind, notice of, i. 128, n. 



Siskins, birds resembling the linnets, ii. 1 58, n. 



Size o/' the human body, its varieties, i. 176; variations, 

 ib., 177. 



Skate, the, discriminated, ii. 273; characteristics of the 

 rays or skates, ii. 276, n. ; the long-nosed skate, ib. ; 

 the blue skate, ib. ; the sharp-nosed ray, 277, n. ; the 

 thornback, ib. 



Skin, effects of age on the human, i. 205. 



Skink, a kind of stinkard, described, i. 421. 



Skuas, sea-birds, account of the, i. 215. 



Slatberg in Iceland, disruption of the mountain of, i. 

 64. 



Sleep increases the weight of the body, i. 177; necessary 

 to all animals, 183; most of all to man, 187; some ani- 

 mals spend much time in, ib.; effects of the want of, 

 on man, ib.; cause of unknown, 188; effects of. ib. ; 

 > physiology of, ib.,. ; instances of somnambulism, 189; 

 ' much required by the studious, ib.; a German stu- 

 dent performed his tasks during, 1 90; story of a sleep- 

 walker, ib. 



Slips of mountains, land-slips, i. 63; snow-slips, 64. 



Sloth, varieties of the, i. 557 ; description of the, ib. and 

 n. ; spends its whole life on trees, ib... ; Waterton's 

 account of the, 558, n. ; its method of scrambling on 

 the ground, ib. ; its structure and habits, 559 ; whether 

 an unfinished quadruped, ib.; abstinence, ib. 



Sinellinff, an inferior sense in man, i. 200; power of, pos- 

 sessed by some nations, ib.; uses of ib. : the taste of 

 different nations in respect to the objects of, 201 

 and n.; sense of, possessed by birds, ii. 3. 



Sna.il, the garden, its process in forming its shell des- 

 cribed, ii. 348; organs of the, 359, 360; horns and eyes 

 on the two uppermost, 360; organs of generation, ib. : 

 coupling, ib.; eggs, ib. : growth of the shell, 361; 

 can mend its shell wlien broken, ib; not make a 

 new one, ib.; method of motion, ib.; slime, ib. ; ap- 

 petite, 362; killed by salt, &c. ib. : torpidity, and 

 manner of burying itself, ib. : awakening, and voracity, 

 ib.; varieties of the snail, ib. ; the fresh-water, ib.; its 

 peculiarities, ib.; manner of rising to the surface, ib.; 

 viviparous, ib. ; brought forth with the stony coat, 

 363 ; sea- snails, ib. ; manner of impregnation, ib. ; want 

 horns, ib.: convolutions of the shell, ib. ; the trochus 

 kind, ib. ; the nautilus, 364. 



the sea, whence the name. ii. '289; the, described, 



290; account of the garden snail, 359, 3b'0, n. 



Snake, the black, the largest of English serpents des- 

 cribed, ii. 4'27 ; not venomous, ib. and n. ; manner of 

 attack, and how repelled, ib.; prey of the, 428; ovi- 

 parons, ib. ; torpid in winter, ib. See Ser/jentn. 



Snake-root, Virginian, the best cure for the bite of the 

 rattle-snake, ii. 423. 



Sneezing, description of, i. 171, n. 



Snipes, described, ii. 191,.; the double snipe, ib.; the 

 little snipe, ib. ; the common snipe, 1 92, . 



Sobbing, whence it proceeds, i. 171 and n. 



Solan 'goose, ii. 203. See Gannet. 



Sole-fish, described, ii. 300, n. 



Solfatara, valley of, exhibits the effects of earthquakes, 

 i. 52. 



Solon, his opinion of the beauty of the pheasant, ii. 72. 



Sound, reflection of, i. 116; transmitted by the undula- 

 tion of the air, ib., n. ; how produced, 196; how ren- 

 dered a tone, ib. ; reflected, 1 98. 



Sow. See Hog. 



e, or blind rat, i. 461, . 

 rds, their value for asses, i. 264. 

 ',, the large and small water, described, i. 390, 

 391 , n. and 394. See Dog. 

 Sparrow, the, its habits described, ii. 135 and 136, n. 



kind, birds of the, their abode near man, ii. 130; 



why they avoid forests, ib. ; attachment to places, ib. ; 

 accounts of their flights and passages, 131; arts of the 

 bird-catcher to take them, ib. ; contentions of the, 

 132; singing, proper to the male, ib.; the female, nest, 

 and young, ib. 135; paring of the, 1 35; chastity, des- 

 cribed by Addison, ib.; exceptions, ib.; resemblances 

 among the, ib.; classification, 136; slender-billed, ib.; 

 their food, ib. ; and song, ib.; thick-billed, ib. ; their 

 food, 1 37 : note, ib. ; those of passage, ib. ; their sea- 

 sons of migration, ib. 



Sparrow-hawk, ii. 46, n. 



Sparus, a prickly-finned fish, ii. 297. 



Spawn of fishes, account of the, ii. 247, 248; estimate of 

 its immense amount, 249, 250. 



Speech, acquisition of, by infants, i. 1 63. 



Spermaceti, found in the head of the cachalot, ii. 263; 

 how distributed there, 264; uses of, ib. ; how the 

 whole oil of the fish convertible into, ib. ; -where the 

 whales that yield it, abound, ib. n. 



Spermatic Animalcules, 638 et seq. ; discovered by Leeu- 

 wenhoeck and Hartsoeker, ib.; hypothesis concern- 

 ing, ib.; Leeuwenhoeck's observations, ib. ; animal- 

 cules in the human semen, ib.; in that of a cod-fish, 

 639; general discoveries by Leeuwenhoeck in this de- 

 partment, ib. ; objections to his discoveries, answered, 

 ib. ; Buffon's notions concerning the sperm animals, 

 ib.; Buffon's errors, ib.; Needham's hypothesis, 640; 

 his reasonings regarding the seminal animal of the 

 calmar, ib.; Buffon's remarks thereon, ib.; the funda- 

 mental error exposed, ib. ; wild speculations concern- 

 ing the seminal animals, ib. ; desirable to elicit more 

 information concerning them, ib. 



Spider, the, described, ii. 448 453 and n.; construction 

 of its web, 449, n.; different kinds of spiders, 455, n. : 

 remarkable nest of one, 448 and n. 



Spinous fisltes, how distinguished by their gills, ii. 2,03; 

 numerous species, ib.; systems ib.; Artedi's, ib. ; 

 Linnaeus', ib.; Gouan's, 294; particulars of, with des- 

 criptions, 294 307; uniformity of then- description 

 307, 308; their bones, ib.; proportion of, to the fins, 

 ib.; live but a short time out of water, 309; excep- 

 tions, ib. ; passage of some from salt to fresh water, 

 ib. ; some from fresh towards salt to spawn, ib.; fishes 

 of passage, ib.; the cod, 310; haddock and mackarel, 

 310; herring, ib., 311 ; pilchard, 312 314; their im- 

 mense numbers, 314; their numbers in the Indian 

 ocean, 318; whether they come from the egg perfectly 

 formed, ib. ; white bait, ib, impregnation, ib.; growth, 

 ib.; live on one another, ib. ; the dorado, 319; warfare 

 in fresh water, ib. ; diffidence of fresh water fish, ib., 

 320; voracity of the pike, 322; torpidity in winter, ib., 

 323; diseases, 324; poisonous qualities of some, ib.; 

 how caused, ib. 



Sponqes l>elonq to the. polypi, ii. 564, n.; different species 

 of,' 570, n. ' 



Spoonbill, the, described, ii. 185, 186 and n. ; the Euro- 

 pean, U!fi; the American, ib.;fine colour and uncouth 

 shape, ib.; habits, ib. and n. ; food, ib.; nest arid 

 voung, 1!!7; white spoonbill, 186, n.; roseate spoonbill, 

 ib. 



Spouts, water, one in the Mediterranean described by 

 Tournefort, i. 143; their origin, 144; dreaded by mar- 

 iners, ib. 



Sprat, or Gurvie Herring, description of the, it. 31" n. 



