Prof. G. Gulliver on Raphides and other Crystals. 293 



seen the abundance of raphides. And they are plentiful in the 

 root, stem, leaves, and decayed flowers of Testudinaria elephan- 

 tipes. 



Trilliacea. — Fresh and dried plants of Paris quadrifolia : bun- 

 dles of raphides plentiful in leaves, sepals and petals, anthers 

 and filaments, testa and berry-coat. Unexpanded flower of 

 Trillium grandiflorum : raphides scanty in ovule, but bundles of 

 them very numerous in ovary, styles, stamens, corolla, calyx, and 

 flower-stalk. 



Zingiber aceee. — Fresh leaves of Amomum (A. cinnamomum?) 

 and of Hedychium Gardnerianum ; and dried Cardamoms of the 

 shops : no raphides ; only a few minute lozenge crystals, like 

 those of Aurantiacese, in the leaves and dried capsules. 



Marantacece. — Leaves of Canna Indica and C. iridifiora : a few 

 of the lozenge crystals, but no raphides. 



Iridacea. — To the plants before mentioned (^Annals,* Sept. 

 1863) may be added Gladiolus insignis and Iris pumila as afibrd- 

 ing excellent examples of the crystal prisms. Most of these 

 crystals have four, and a few three, angles ; their average length 

 is jLth and their thickness xo-oth of an inch ; they abound in 

 the leaves of both species, and were seen in the roots of Iris 

 pumila. 



Amaryllidacea. — Olivia nobilis : raphides abundant and very 

 small near the base of the leaf, but very scarce in it elsewhere. 

 Narcissus poeticus, N. biflorus, and the garden Jonquil or Cam- 

 pernelle : leaves, bulbs, and roots abounding in raphides. 



Liliacece. — Leaves oiDraccena terminalis, Muscari, sp., Tritoma 

 Uvaria,si.ndiT.7n€dia : numerous raphides and larger crystal prisms. 

 Leaves of Lachenalia tricolor, L. pendula, and Asphodeltts luteus : 

 raphides plentiful. Of the species of Allium, though I have ex- 

 amined several once and others repeatedly (viz. A. Ascalonicum, 

 A. Cepa, A. Porrum, A. sativum, A. Schoenoprasum, A. angulosum, 

 A. magicum, A. Moly, and A. ursinum), true raphides were not 

 found in any one of these plants ; but a section of the genus, as 

 observed in the above first four species, is characterized by an 

 abundance of crystals in the bulb-scales — right-angled four-sided 

 prisms, the ends either obtusely truncated or with very low four- 

 sided pyramids ; mostly occurring singly, sometimes two, three, 

 or four stuck together, occasionally forming crosses; always 

 (unlike true raphides) difficult to detach from each other and 

 from the tissue in which they are imbedded ; commonly about 

 •5^-^th of an inch long and -^^th. thick ; well seen in the peel 

 of the officinal Shallot, in which they are very plentiful, and 

 slightly larger than in the Onion, Garlic, and Leek. 



Melanthacea. — In this order, also, some species are as con- 



