800 Geological Saciety. 
up to the roof, leaving only an empty angular chamber about a 
foot high above the stalagmite. Upon the latter, remains of 
Mustela foina, Canis vulpes, and some Fish-bones and Bird-bones 
were found. In the sand large coprolites of Carnivores, some fine 
remains of Felis spelea, bones of Rhinoceros, and the vertebre 
of a Fish were discovered. Below the sand, as usual in the Gower 
Caves, there was a sandy breccia cemented by stalagmite, about 
a foot thick. Upon it a large block of limestone, smoothed and 
polished, probably by the rubbing of passing cave-animals, was 
discovered ; and patches of polished surface were seen on the walls of 
the cave. Remains of Elephas, Rhinoceros, Bos, and Cervus were 
met with above the breccia. Below the breccia was a bed of dark-grey 
gritty sand, indurated by calcareous infiltration, and attaining a maxi- 
mum thickness of about 8 feet. In this sand, and close upon the 
rock-floor, teeth of Hippopotamus major, young and old, and remains 
of Ursus, Cervus, and Arvicola, were met with. There was evidence, 
on the cliff beyond the aperture, of the cave and its contents having 
formerly been continued further seawards. 
The author pointed out that in all these caves the bottom appears 
to have been first filled with sea-sand or shingle, with which were 
occasionally intermingled the bones of pachyderms; ruminants, &c., 
then living on the emerged land of Gower; that when this deposit 
was elevated above high-water mark, stalagmite and angular débris 
of limestone rock formed atfloor, on which subsequently cave-earth 
or other common alluvial materials, with bones and antlers, often 
in profusion, were accumulated through the fissure above, during a 
long lapse of time after the rise had been accomplished. At last, 
by a converse action, of comparatively modern date, the level of the 
caves was depressed. The raised beach at Mewslade Bay, which 
appears, according to the evidence of Mr. Prestwich, to be of later 
date than the Boulder-clay, has without doubt partaken of changes 
of level similar to what the caves and their contents have under- 
gone, although, the marine deposits in the caves not being at a uni- 
form level either in relation to each other or to the raised beach, it 
is probable that there have been locally unequal depressions of level 
in comparatively modern times. The author thinks that the sea 
has effected but a comparatively slight inroad on the cave-deposits 
and raised beach; and hence he infers that they belong to a rela- 
tively modern epoch—seeing also that they are probably of later 
date than the Boulder-clay period, and rest on marine sands con- 
taining existing species of shells. 
Paviland Cave was next referred to; but the author restricted his 
remarks to the remains of Hlephas primigenius and human bones that 
were found in it, and argues that the latter (7. e. the skeleton of the 
«“Red Lady”) are of more recent date than the former. 
In the cave at Spritsail Tor (cursorily examined by Sir H. De la 
Beche, and thoroughly explored by Colonel Wood), under a stalag- 
mitic bone-breccia, the irregular fissure of the rocky floor was im- 
pacted with ochreous cave-earth full of bones and teeth of Hlephas 
antiquus, E. primigenius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Equus, Sus, Bos, 
