140 : Royal Society. 
With the exception of the great development of the horns, there is 
no point in common between it and Bubalus caffir. The encroach- 
a of the horn-cores on the parietals differentiates it from the 
sheep. 
The animal ranges at the present day from Fort Churchill, 
lat. 60°, northwards as far as the arctic sea, and eastwards as far 
as Cape Bathurst, lat. 71°, living for the most part on the 
“barren grounds,” and never penetrating far into the woods. In 
geological times, however, it had a far greater range eastwards 
and southwards. In the pleistocene river-gravels lying on the 
solid ice in Eschscholtz Bay, in Russian America, it is found 
associated with the elk, reindeer, bison, horse, and mammoth. 
Traces of the animal ranging further to the east are afforded by 
the skull found on the banks of the Yena, in lat. 70°, long. 135°. 
Dr. Pallas’s discovery of two skulls on the banks of the Obi 
brings the animal still closer to the borders of Europe. All 
three skulls were found in the “Tundas,” or treeless “ barren 
grounds”’ of Siberia, in the same series of gravels which afford 
such vast stores of fossil ivory. In Germany it has been found in 
three localities ; and in France; in the valley of the Oise, it is as- 
sociated with flint implements of the St. Acheul type, and with 
the mammoth and Hlephas antiqguus. It has also been found in 
the reindeer-caves of Périgord, under circumstances that prove 
beyond doubt that the animal was eaten by the reindeer-folk. 
In England it has béen found in three gravel-beds of late pleisto- 
cene age, near Maidenhead, at Freshford near Bath, and at 
Greenstreet-green near Bromley. In 1866 the author dug it out 
of the lower brick-earth of Crayford in Kent, where it was as- 
sociated with Rhinoceros megarhinus, R. leptorhinus (Owen), 
and Elephas antiquus. The skull in this latter case belonged 
to a remarkably fine old male. Thus its present limited range in 
space contrasts most strongly with its wide range in pleistocene 
times through North Siberia and Central Europe north of a line 
passing through the Alps and Pyrenees. Its association with 
animals of a temperate or else southern zone is to be accounted 
for by its having been driven from its usual haunts by an un- 
usually severe winter. The rarity of its remains proves that it 
was not so abundant as those animals which are associated with 
it in France, Germany, and Britain. 
Professor Leidy figures and describes two fossil skulls most 
closely allied to Ovibos moschatus, from Arkansas and Ohio, under 
the name of Bootherium cavifrons and B. bombifrons; they are, 
however, most probably the male and female of the same species. 
They differ from Ovibos moschatus only in the direction of their 
horn-cores, and in their bases meeting and becoming fused on the 
coronal surface of the male skull. The horn-cores are supported 
both by the frontals and parietals. In other respects they pre- 
sent the same ovine affinities as Ovzbos; and certainly belong to 
the same genus. 
