84 NAMES OF PLACES 



examples may suffice. Nobody can mistake the meaning 

 of Upham and Newton the up or high dwelling and 

 the niwe or new homestead. Uppingham and Newington 

 are not so clear. They have nothing to do with children 

 of an imaginary Uppa or Niwe; they are simply the 

 nominatives Upham and Newton put in the locative case 

 upan and niwan. So Upton, Highbury, Heeley are 

 in the nominative, of which Uppington, Hanbury, and 

 Henley are the locative form. Heeley means 'the high 

 lea or field,' Henley ' at or in the high field.' 



It would be very easy to multiply examples of mis- 

 takes arising out of the survival of Anglo-Saxon de- 

 clensions suggesting false etymologies. In the East 

 Riding of Yorkshire is a place called Kilham, where the 

 river Hull wells out of the limestone. Here, as in 

 Durham, the suffix -ham is altogether deceptive. The 

 name stands in Domesday Book Killom, representing 

 cyllum, ' at the sources,' the locative plural of the Anglo- 

 Saxon cyl. Similarly Askham, also in Yorkshire, is ascum, 

 at the ash-trees, just as Acomb is dcum, at the oaks. 

 Hallam, from which the district round Sheffield takes 

 the name of Hallamshire, appears in Domesday as Hallun, 

 probably for Healun, on the slopes. 



This locative case, which serves so often in modern 

 use as a nominative, appears in many languages. Most 

 of the very numerous names in Scotland and Ireland 

 beginning with Kit are compounds of till, the locative 

 case of ceall, a cell or chapel. So Kilmorey is till Muiri, 

 ' at Mary's chapel ' ; Killantringan is till shant Ringain, 

 ' at St. Ninian's chapel,' the s being silenced by so-called 

 aspiration. Sometimes the two cases supply alternative 

 forms of the same name : thus in Gaelic Cantyre repre- 



