NOVEMBER 261 



conscious of wrongdoing. Had Miss Romanes not been 

 accustomed to apply the sound rules of evidence, the 

 behaviour of her capuchin would have been cited thence- 

 forward in support of the untenable theory that animals 

 have a sense of right and wrong according to a human 

 moral standard. But her critical faculty induced her to 

 add this significant footnote. ' On subsequent observation 

 I found this quietness was not due to shame at having 

 bit me : for whether he succeeds in biting any person or 

 not, he always sits quiet and dull-looking after a tit of 

 passion, being, I think, fatigued.' 



Very few dog owners are accustomed to the mental dis- 

 cipline necessary for the application to the conduct of 

 their favourites of such criticism as Mr. Lloyd Morgan has 

 lately described in his thoughtful volume on Animal 

 Behaviour. He owned a fox-terrier, which had the run 

 of a court beside his house, separated from the road by an 

 iron railing and a gate, which swung outwards by its own 

 weight on the latch being raised. The terrier, being an 

 animal of spirit, naturally wanted to get out upon the 

 road, where he sniffed adventure, and used to run along 

 the parapet wall, thrusting his head between the railings. 

 Now this parapet brought him just upon a level with the 

 latch, under which, one day he happened to poke his 

 head. In drawing it back, the latch was raised, the gate 

 swung open ; behold the dog free of the road ! An undis- 

 ciplined observer would have jumped to the conclusion 

 that this dog had seen his master raise the latch, noted 

 the result, and put two and two together, implying that 

 the animal had the power of thinking a matter out. Not 

 so Mr. Lloyd Morgan. He coldly recognised a fortunate 

 occurrence arising out of the natural restlessness of the 



