NOVEMBER 277 



grades, of an apparatus fitted to receive external 

 impressions conveyed along the afferent or incoming 

 nerve currents, and to respond to them by transmitting 

 energy along the efferent or outgoing nerve currents. 

 In short, these animals are supplied with an intellectual 

 and volitional equipment, which, however long it may 

 remain ineffective after birth, is capable of and destined 

 for various ranges of energy and complexity, and differs 

 only in degree and development from the human 

 organ of intelligence. Animals may be judged as 

 coming into the world as sentient, but unconscious, 

 automata, but with mental machinery ready to respond 

 in a greater or lesser measure to experience. 



2. Are the consciousness and intelligence of animals 

 the physical product of chemical and organic changes 

 taking place in the growth of the egg, embryo, or larva, 

 and therefore spontaneous in the sense that muscle, 

 bone, and blood develop by the spontaneous multiplica- 

 tion of cells ? 



' If,' says Mr. Lloyd Morgan in his fascinating treatise 

 on Habit and Instinct 



' If, on the one hand, it cannot be said without extrava- 

 gance that an egg is endowed with consciousness, and if, on 

 the other hand, it cannot be said without extravagance that 

 the day-old chick is an unconscious automaton, there must 

 be some intervening moment at which this consciousness 

 has its origin. When is this, and how does it arise 1 If we 

 attempt to answer this question with anything like thorough- 

 ness, we shall open up the further question : From what 

 does that consciousness take its origin 1 ! And this would 

 lead to a difficult and, for most of us, not very interesting 

 discussion.' 



